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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
This article shortly introduces 3D printers and provides some advice on selecting a printer and then lists cheap open source and commercial 3D printers. '''However''' I won't try to update this list very much. Some day I probably kill most entries and just list a few models that are typical for a given kind. Other web sites have more man power to do comparisons. [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] ([[User talk:Daniel K. Schneider|talk]]) 02:32, 3 February 2016 (CET)
This article shortly introduces 3D printers and provides some advice on selecting a printer. The original article, created many years ago, listed many printers, but I stopped upgrading systematically around 2016. The [Https://edutechwiki.unige.ch/mediawiki/index.php%3Ftitle%3D3D%20printer%26oldid%3D74536 old version] is still around. There are no endorsements, since I only owned a RapMan (2010), a [[Fabbster 3D printer|fabbster]] (given away), a Creality (2015, given away), four different [[:category:Felix 3D printer|Felix printers (1.0, 2.2, Pro2 and Tec4.1]] (I still use the latter two), a [[Fokoos Odin-5 F-3]] (2022, bought for 200 Euros on sale) and a [[:fr:Creality K1 Max 3D printer|Creality K1 Max]]. I also use Prusa mini and I3 printers in our fablab.


According to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing Wikipedia], retrieved 14:48, 14 October 2011 (CEST), {{quotation|3D printing is a form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_manufacturing additive manufacturing technology] where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive manufacturing technologies. 3D printers offer product developers the ability to print parts and assemblies made of several materials with different mechanical and physical properties in a single build process. Advanced 3D printing technologies yield models that can serve as product prototypes.}}
According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printingn Wikipedia], retrieved 11 April 2023, 3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model.[1] It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control,[2] with material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.  
[[image:maker-campfire.jpg|thumb|200px|3D printer as geek campfire (Source:[http://blog.makerbot.com/2009/04/27/maker-revolution-gathering-round-the-makerbot-campfire/])]]
[[image:maker-campfire.jpg|thumb|200px|3D printer as geek campfire (Source:[http://blog.makerbot.com/2009/04/27/maker-revolution-gathering-round-the-makerbot-campfire/])]]


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'''3D printing technology'''
'''3D printing technology'''


The three most popular 3D printing techniques are:
The most popular 3D printing techniques are:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_deposition_modeling fused deposition modeling], also called Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). A typical example are low cost models like the [[RapMan]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_filament_fabrication#Fused_deposition_modeling Fused deposition modeling] ('''FDM)''', also called Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). A typical example of the first available low cost kit that required a few days of assembly was the [[RapMan]]. As of 2023, entry level printers are cheap (around 300 Euros) and are assembled fairly quickly. Consumer-grade quality machines cost around 1000.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolithography Stereolithography] (SLA): {{quotation|is a form of 3-D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts in a layer by layer fashion using photopolymerization, a process by which light causes chains of molecules to link, forming polymers.[1] Those polymers then make up the body of a three-dimensional solid.}} (Wikipedia, Aug. 2017). SLA machines use a laser to harden selected areas.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolithography Stereolithography] (SLA): {{quotation|is a form of 3-D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts in a layer by layer fashion using photopolymerization, a process by which light causes chains of molecules to link, forming polymers.[1] Those polymers then make up the body of a three-dimensional solid.}} (Wikipedia, Aug. 2017). SLA machines use a laser to harden selected areas.
* DLP (Digital Light Processing) works, like SLA, with resin. As opposed to a laser that will solidify very specific areas, a DLP printer projects an image onto the pool of resin which then hardens each layer, one at a time.
* DLP (Digital Light Processing) works, like SLA, with resin. As opposed to a laser that will solidify very specific areas, a DLP printer projects an image onto the pool of resin which then hardens each layer, one at a time.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sintering Selective laser sintering] (SLS): {{quotation|an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic, metal (direct metal laser sintering), ceramic, or glass powders into a mass that has a desired 3-dimensional shape}} (Wikipedia, retrieved 14:48, 14 October 2011 (CEST))
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sintering Selective laser sintering] (SLS): {{quotation|an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic, metal (direct metal laser sintering), ceramic, or glass powders into a mass that has a desired 3-dimensional shape}} (Wikipedia, retrieved 14 October 2011)
* Syringue-based systems like the early Fab@Home can print Epoxy (composites), ceramics or [[3D food printing|food]] and these materials are pushed down with a piston.


Most hobby 3D printers use FFF, i.e. an extruder (i.e. a kind of gun) that heats up plastic filament which is then deposited layer by layer. They can print different sorts of Polymers. In the early years, the two following plastics were popular.
Most hobby 3D printers use FDM, i.e. an extruder (i.e. a kind of gun) that heats up plastic filament which is then deposited layer by layer. They can print different sorts of Polymers. In the early years, the two following plastics were popular.
* [[ABS]] (used for Legos and car parts) is solid, but warps when printed a room temperature. I.e. it is difficult to print objects that have a larger than 4cm footprint.
* [[ABS]] (used for Legos and car parts) is solid, but warps when printed a room temperature. I.e. it is difficult to print objects that have a larger than 4cm footprint.
* [[PLA]] (polylactic acid) is made of starch (i.e. plants). It doesn't warp, but it's not very solid and starts deforming (melting) at relatively low temperature.
* [[PLA]] (polylactic acid) is made of starch (i.e. plants). It doesn't warp, but it was not very solid and started deforming (melting) at relatively low temperature. As of 2023, more solid PLA filaments are available.
As of 2015 a much wider range of [[3D printer filament]]s are available, including Nylon, PET, TPEs, and various PLA-particle composites.
As of 2015 a much wider range of [[3D printer filament]]s are available, including PET-G, PET, Nylon, TPU, TPEs, and various PLA-particle composites.


'''Syringue-based systems''' like the Fab@Home can print Epoxy (composites) or [[3D food printing|food]] and these materials are pushed down with a piston.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison chart of 3D printing technology
|+Comparison chart of 3D printing technology
!Type
!Type
!FFF
!FDM / FFF
!SLA
!SLA
!SLS
!SLS
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|Liquid resin
|Liquid resin
|Various powder (only Nylon or similar for low end machines)
|Various powder (only Nylon or similar for low end machines)
|Anything that can be pushed down (e.g. chocolate or Epoxy resins)
|Anything that can be pushed down (e.g. chocolate or Epoxy resins or clay)
|-
|-
|Durability
|Durability
Line 51: Line 49:
|Low
|Low
|High
|High
|depends on material, very little for [[3D food printing|printed food]] :)
|depends on the material, very little for [[3D food printing|printed food]] :)
|-
|-
|Precision
|Precision
|0.1mm or less in reality
|0.05 mm
|high
|high
|good
|good
Line 61: Line 59:
|Post-processing
|Post-processing
|Easy (except when dealing with support materials)
|Easy (except when dealing with support materials)
|Treatment is require to improve solidity
|Treatment is required to improve solidity
|Blasting is required to remove bits of loose powder
|Blasting is required to remove bits of loose powder
|
|
Line 73: Line 71:
|-
|-
|Heat resistance
|Heat resistance
|Depends on the plastic. Popular PLA is starts weakening at 60 and melting at 160. Some plastics like nylon or PET are difficult to print but more resistant
|Depends on the plastic. E.g., popular PLA is starts weakening at 60 and melting at 160. PETG, and other popular plastic has a higher melting temperature. Some plastics like nylon are difficult to print but much more resistant
|limited
|limited
|good
|good
Line 79: Line 77:
|-
|-
|Unit cost
|Unit cost
|very low
|very low (starting at 150, a good model is about 1000)
|low
|high
|high
|very high (but changeing as of 2017)
|medium
|low
|-
|-
|Material cost
|Material cost
|very low to low (20-100 Euros/kg)
|very low to low (15-100 Euros/kg)
|100-250 Euros / litre
|30-250 Euros / litre
|100 - 1000 Euros / kg. (directly from China, Nylon PA12 is 100$ else it will be double or more)
|100 - 1000 Euros / kg.
|
|
|}
|}
Line 99: Line 97:
'''Must have features''':
'''Must have features''':


* A '''strong extruder''' including a good filament intake system (you should be able to walk away from the printer and be sure that plastic is always extruded, even after 10 hours or printing). Newcomers don't often get the fact, that even a fairly small piece takes many hours to print !
* A '''strong extruder''' including a good filament intake system (you should be able to walk away from the printer and be sure that plastic is always extruded, even after 20 hours or printing). Newcomers don't often get the fact, that even a fairly small piece takes many hours to print !
* A good board and firmware (as above, there should be no mistakes, i.e. a print head that stops moving at some point)
* A good board and firmware (as above, there should be no mistakes, i.e. a print head that stops moving at some point)
* A heated platform
* A heated platform up to 80 degrees at least
* Ability to print 0.2mm layers accurately (or better of course)
* Ability to print 0.1mm layers accurately


'''Nice to have features''':
'''Nice to have features''':


* Support for multiple types of plastic, in particular PLA but also some strong plastics like ABS or Nylon (for some, this is a must-have feature). Some people also want to print with flexible polymers. That requires a motor that sits on top of the nozzle (i.e. so-called Bowden extruders are not suitable)
* Support for different nozzle sizes up to 0.8mm (easy changing plus useful information on supported nozzles and how to change them)
* Support for multiple types of plastic, in particular PLA and PET-G, but also some stronger plastics like ABS or Nylon (for some, this is a must-have feature). Some people also want to print with flexible polymers, i.e. TPU or TPE. That requires a direct extruder where the motor sits on top of the nozzle (i.e. so-called Bowden extruders are not very suitable for TPU and not suitable for TPE)
* Extrusion and printhead movement speeds as slow and as fast as possible. Typically the first layer should be printed at 10-15mm/s but prototype quality should be printable at 150mm/s.  
* Extrusion and printhead movement speeds as slow and as fast as possible. Typically the first layer should be printed at 10-15mm/s but prototype quality should be printable at 150mm/s.  
* A heated chamber (or at least a closed box) for printing plastics that warp, e.g. ABS.
* A heated chamber (or at least a closed box) for printing plastics that warp, e.g. ABS.
Line 116: Line 115:
* Control hardware/software that allows to pause/resume a print and to manually extract filament.
* Control hardware/software that allows to pause/resume a print and to manually extract filament.
* As many standard hardware parts as possible (this will allow for quick replacement) and allow you cope if the company goes out of business. This includes the control board.
* As many standard hardware parts as possible (this will allow for quick replacement) and allow you cope if the company goes out of business. This includes the control board.
* Use of open source software for controlling the printer. Except for very few exceptions (e.g. netfabb for the now dead fabbster), opensource solutions like [http://www.repetier.com/ Repetier Host] are simply better.
* Use of open source software for controlling the printer. Except for very few exceptions, opensource solutions like [http://www.repetier.com/ Repetier Host] are simply better since you can still use your printer after the company and its software go out of business
* Automated bed levelling. Adjusting the bed (1-2 sheets of paper distance from printhead to bed in every position) is something that beginners have trouble with.
* Automated bed leveling or model correction. Adjusting the bed (1-2 sheets of paper distance from printhead to bed in every position) is something that beginners have trouble with.
 
* A wide printing area (as wide as the objects you plan to print). 25x25x25 is OK as of 2023.
To do:
* produce some specifications for each model
* have some indication on how well these model operate. Speed, print size, resolution is not everything. An important criteria is knowing whether you can leave your printer alone. Many require constant attendance, because of filament intake problems for example.


'''Comparisons'''
'''Comparisons'''
Line 127: Line 123:
Comparing 3D printers is very very difficult for several reasons:
Comparing 3D printers is very very difficult for several reasons:
* Some do better than others with respect to different sorts of objects. Do the [http://www.thingiverse.com/search?q=benchmark benchmark pieces] represent what you would like to print ?  
* Some do better than others with respect to different sorts of objects. Do the [http://www.thingiverse.com/search?q=benchmark benchmark pieces] represent what you would like to print ?  
* Calibration is essential. Only a real expert can get the most out of a machine. I could not.
* Calibration is essential. Only a real expert can get the most out of a machine.  
* How do you weight various factors ? (Reliability, smoothness/accuracy, min. layer size, speed or less obvious stuff like does the first layer stick, warping, dealing with overhangs, stringing)
* How do you weight various factors ? (Reliability, smoothness/accuracy, min. layer size, speed or less obvious stuff like does the first layer stick, warping, dealing with overhangs, stringing)
* How do you account for the interaction between slicing software and printers, and between slicing parameters and printers ?
* How do you account for the interaction between slicing software and printers, and between slicing parameters and printers ?
Line 133: Line 129:
On of the first serious comparisons was done by [http://blog.makezine.com/volume/make-ultimate-guide-to-3d-printing/ Make Mag] in nov 2012. One of my printers (the Felixprinter 1.0) came out ok. Nevertheless the author complained about assembly that was more difficult than expected and glitches with some delivered parts (like calibration of the stepper motors) and he is right to do that. However, why compare a non-assembled printer with assembled ones. I bought mine ''assembled'' (400 Euros extra) and it worked out of the box! In addition, the testers used default settings of the slicer software. Had they '''selected a different profile''' they would have obtained widely different results. I was able to print a test design that failed without problems. The Make Mag test was serious, but far from perfect. - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] 17:53, 22 November 2012 (CET)
On of the first serious comparisons was done by [http://blog.makezine.com/volume/make-ultimate-guide-to-3d-printing/ Make Mag] in nov 2012. One of my printers (the Felixprinter 1.0) came out ok. Nevertheless the author complained about assembly that was more difficult than expected and glitches with some delivered parts (like calibration of the stepper motors) and he is right to do that. However, why compare a non-assembled printer with assembled ones. I bought mine ''assembled'' (400 Euros extra) and it worked out of the box! In addition, the testers used default settings of the slicer software. Had they '''selected a different profile''' they would have obtained widely different results. I was able to print a test design that failed without problems. The Make Mag test was serious, but far from perfect. - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] 17:53, 22 November 2012 (CET)


Do not trust marketing hype. In particular, some commercial printers make disputable claims and some even do not work well. Of course, other commercial models do work very well. Ask around if you know people in your area. In any case, filament printers do have inherent flaws that no design can solve...
Do not trust marketing hype. In any case, filament printers do have inherent flaws that no design can solve. Only trust reputable online sites (most receive something in exchange for rewiewing). Also, understand that some cheap printers start degrading after a few weeks and that others have poor quality assurance (i.e. some machines work fine but others need to repaired when you open the box).
 
== Fast 2023 FDM machines ==
I am looking into these models right now and may buy one. By the end of 2022 very fast "coreXY" FDM printers did appear on the market or were announce for Q2 or Q3 of 2023. An other options are IDEX printers where two extruders can work at the same time on copied or mirrored ''same'' objects. Since Summer 2023, fast "bed slingers" like the cheap Kobra 2 from Anycubic did appear.
 
Since I hate waiting a full day for a moderately large bag of LEGO or DUPLO compatible bricks I am interesting in getting one of these model and would print with a 0.6mm nozzle or larger.
 
Some of these printers may require minor modifications, e.g. better PEI print plates (e.g. read [https://de.aliexpress.com/item/1005004822611074.html this] for the Bambu) or better nozzles. All probably require verification and some tuning after the transport.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Brand
!Model
!Cost (Euros)
!Print volume & (machine volume size)
!Propriety
!Extruder(s) and AMS
!Resolution & hot ends
!Max speed and flow
!Plate and Levelling
!Trouble detection & recovery
!Filaments
!Other
!Evaluations
|-
|[https://www.ankermake.com/ AnkorMake]
|M5
|850
|235x235x250 mm
|?
|Ultradirect extruder
|0.4mm nozzle, 0.1-0.35mm, 260 deg.


== List of 3D printers ==


This section was revised in summer 2012 and slightly edited later.  There are no endorsements, since I only owned a RapMan (which was the best thing to buy when I got it back in Jan 2010), a [[Fabbster 3D printer|fabbster]] (given away), a Creality (given away) and four different [[:category:Felix 3D printer|Felix printers (1.0, 2.2, Pro2 and Tec4.1]]. The list below was never complete, for example, many vendors sell RepRap Darwin, Mendel, Prusa and Huxley kits. You can find them in the [http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page RepRap wiki]. Look at that wiki if you need a real RepRap!. Below, we listed printers that either seemed to be well known and known to work or that were new and somewhat exciting at some point- [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] October 2011 (CEST).
Optional 0.2,0.6, 0.8mm nozzles.


== Do it (almost) entirely yourself ==
|250mm/s standard speed.
|PEI-Coated Soft Magnetic Steel
|Camera with AI
|ABS, PETG, PLA, TPU
|Noisy,


=== Reprap 3D FDM printers ===
app to view camera and pilot
|Good budget printer. Not coreXY
|-
|[https://de.anycubic.com/ Anycubic]
|Kobra 2
|309
|250x220x220mm
|
|Direct extruder
|0.4 nozzle (replaceable) 260 deg.
|250 mm/s (150 recommended). Benchy in 30 minutes.
|Magnetic Flex plate, Auto-levelling
|
|PLA/ABS/PETG/TPU
|
|New as of June 2023
|-
| rowspan="2" |[https://bambulab.com/en Bambu]
|P1P
|660
|256 × 256 × 256 mm


[[image:Assembled-prusa-mendel.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Prusa Mendel]]
(size = 386*389*458 mm)
[http://www.reprap.org/ RepRap], a British project, is short for Replicating Rapid-prototyper. This type of 3D printer builds the parts up in layers of plastics. It can be assembled from parts bought in various places.  
|yes
|Direct extruder
|0.05 - 0.35 mm, all metal 0.4mm nozzle (300deg)
|


As of Sept. 2018, there are man different [https://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap_Machines Reprap Designs]. The classic ones are the following:
* Darwin. The design that inspired current (2010/11) Rapman and CupCake designs
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Mendel Mendel Overview] (second generation Reprap)
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Prusa Prusa Mendel Overview] (improved easier to build Mendel)
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Huxley Huxley Overview] (travel sized mendel)
* [http://reprap.org/wiki/Delta Delta] / [http://reprap.org/wiki/Rostock Rostock], a documented build is [http://richrap.blogspot.ch/2013/04/rostock-delta-3d-printer-build.html here], commercial kits also exist.


Over the past two years (as of 2018), replicability has been rediscovered and some printers like the [https://reprap.org/wiki/Snappy RepRap Snappy] go further than others.
Benchy in 18min
|PEI-coated flex plate, Lidar levelling
|
|
|Simple version of X1. Medium noisy,


All RepRap printers can built with spare pars available from many places. However, this requires good "bricolage" skills. For those who don't have these, there exist many commercial kits that are relatively easy to assemble and also fully assembled kits (see below).
app to view camera and pilot
|Was developed as low cost version of X1. Mixed reviews
|-
|X1 Carbon
|1130 (1370 AMS)
|256 × 256 × 256 mm
(size=389 x 389 x 457 mm)
|yes
|Direct extruder
Optional (wasteful and not TPU compatible) automatic materialsystem (AMS), 90 sec to change color
|0.05mm, all metal 0.4mm hotend (300deg). Larger nozzles can be added with extra work only.
|500 mm/s max, 250mm/s default. 32mm3/S throughput. Benchy in 16min30s
|PEI-coated flex plate,
Lidar leveling, 120 deg.
|Spaghetti detection through camera
|PLA, PETG, TPU, ABS, ASA, PVA, PET Ideal for PA, PC, Carbon/ Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
|Noise level: about 50 (sometimes more).  


Resources:
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page RepRap wiki]. It includes many resources, like:
** [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Prusa_Buyers_Guide Mendel Prusa Buyers Guide]
** [http://reprap.org/wiki/Mendel_Buyers_Guide Mendel Buyers Guide]
* [http://reprap.blogspot.com/ RepRap Official Blog]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RepRap_Project RepRap Project] (Wikipedia)
* Designs can be shared on [http://www.thingiverse.com/ thingyverse].


[[image:candyfab6000.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The CandyFab 6000 sugar-based 3D printer]]
Aliexpress Haldis store [https://www.aliexpress.us/item/3256805060155815.html?spm=a2g0o.order_list.order_list_main.14.43e2180283aIaK&gatewayAdapt=glo2usa&_randl_shipto=US link] for new nozzle.


=== Candyfab printers ===
App to view camera and pilot
|Mostly good reviews some negative because of various problems. All proprietary is also criticized.Very (!) wasteful AMS.
|-
| rowspan="2" |[https://www.creality.com/ Creality]
|K1 (May 2023)
|650 (without options?)
|220*220*250mm


Candyfab was one of coolest projects in the beginning. It did sugar sintering.
(size = 355*355*480mm, 12.5kg)
|?
|Dual gear light-weight direct extruder (190g)
|
|600mm/s,


* [http://www.candyfab.org/ CandyFab Project home page]
flow=32mm<sup>3</sup>/s
* [http://wiki.candyfab.org/ CandyFab Wiki]
|Auto-leveling. Optional Lidar
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CandyFab CandyFab] (Wikipedia)
|Filament sensor. Optional camera
* [http://forum.candyfab.org/ CandyFab Forum]
|ABS, PLA, PETG, PET, TPU, PA, ABS, ASA, PC, PLA-CF, PA-CF, PET-CF
Note: As of oct. 2011 this project seems to have stalled (no wiki update since 2009).
|
|none so far
|-
|[https://www.creality.com/products/creality-k1-max-3d-printer K1 MAX] (summer 2023)
|1000
|300x300x300
(size=435x462x526mm, 18kg)
|?
|Dual gear direct extruder
|0.1 to 0.35 mm with a 0.4mm nozzle.


=== OpenSLS: An Open Source Laser ===
|600mm/s. 300mm/s typical (correct
Benchy in 13min)


[https://reprap.org/wiki/OpenSLS OpenSLS] is a prototype SLS system designed to interface with a laser cutter to create a platform for experimentation with the SLS process. This is a very interesting project, but may not be completed before more cheap SLS printers come to the market.
|Flexible build plate, leveling with


== Cheap 3D open source printers or kits ==
Lidar
|AI camera, filament sensor, power-loss recovery
|most
|WIFI/USB/Ethernet
|none so far
|-
| rowspan="2" |[https://www.prusa3d.com/ Prusa]
|MK4
|900 Kit
1200 assembled (incl VAT)
|250x210x220 mm
(size=500×550×400),


Below are the fabbers that were most popular in October 2011, sorted in alphabetical order. You can buy three types:
7 kg. Optional enclosure for 350+
# Fully assembled (unwrap and maybe some small assembly)
|no
# Easy to assemble (a few hours)
|Direct drive extruder. Optional MMU
# Hard to assemble (3-4 days)
|quickswap 0.4mm nozzle (others on option)
0.05-0.30 mm


Most companies offer both kits and fully assembled 3D Printers. Some have web sites with a lot of information. Some have quite good customer support, others don't. Search the forums. Most designs are close or far derivatives from RepRap models.
300 deg.
|20 min benchy in test for future upgrades.
|PEI spring steel sheets, Mesh bed levelling with load cell censor
|Filament sensor, power panic.
|PLA, PETG, ABS, ASA, Flex, HIPS, PA, PVA, PC, PP, CPE, PVB, NGEN
|WIFI/Ethernet
medium noisy, silent with enclosure
|none so far
|-
|XL
|2500 ? (1 extruder)
|360x360x360 mm
(size=800×800×900mm)
|no
|Direct extruder (5 optional).  
Hot swappable noozzles
|0.05mm


This list is by no means complete. In particular, there more small companies that sell one or another variant of a RepRap design. See the [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page RepRap wiki] and its buyers guide'''s''' (one for each model type).
(300 deg)
|
|Mesh bed levelling
|
|
|
|Good support. Excellent reliability. Input shaping for speed printing is not available as of April 2023.
|-
|[https://www.makerbot.com/ Makerbot]
|Method
|4000 to 6000
|190x190x196mm.


[[image:Rapman-3-1-schema.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rapman 3.1. schema - Source: [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/ Bits from Bytes]]]
152 x 190 x 196 (double extrusion)
=== Bits from Bytes printers ===
|yes
[http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/ Bits from Bytes] did produce and selle Reprap derivatives. The company is now dead, i.e. it was absorbed by 3D systems.
|1-2 extruders
|300deg
|?
|
|?
|PLA, TOUCH, NYLON, PETG. Method X supports ABS and more
|
|Expensive, Various models
|-
|[https://snapmaker.com/ Snapmaker]
|J1
|1600
|300x200x200
160x200x200 (copy)


Hardware (history)
150x200x200 (mirror)
* [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/ RapMan v3.11] (£750 / CHF 1270) is a device we acquired in January 2010. It was assembled by end of Feb 2010 Read the [[RapMan]] article. - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] Nov 2009/Feb 2010.
** Print area: 27 x 20.5 x 21 cm, not heated platform
** 3mm nozzle
** Resolution: x&y axis = 0.2mm, z axis = 0.7mm (roughly)
** [http://www.rap-man.com/ A1 Technologies] is a UK reseller
** Materials: ABS (warping for bottom surfaces larger than 4-5cm), PLA of various sorts.
** The Rapman was one of the first commercial kits for the RepRap v1 and it's probably one of the most beautiful designs. Assembly is rather difficult, but very well documented. All you needed was good reading skills. It works well, but does need what we could call "RepRap printing skills". Some design elements could be improved, in particular: filament intake (extruder), connectivity (USB instead of a SD card), portability (after transport the structure may need adjustment), (optional) heated platform. The commercial 3D Touch solves some of these problems.
* [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/catalog/3dtouch 3DTouch 3D Printer] was an assembled 3D printer and costs £1,995.00 (single head) or £2,245.00 (double head).  The [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/store/bfb-3dtouch-3d-printer-education-pack Education pack] (£2,484.00) included double head and plastic rolls. This model seems to be the successor of the BFB 3000 (or the same design ?). It includes "industrial" parts, i.e. it's rumored to be reliable.
** Resolution: same as RapMan v3.11


Unfortunately, 3D systems killed all the forums and the wiki which did include valuable information for other people using other 3D printers (www.bitsfrombytes.com/forum Forum and wiki.bitsfrombytes.com) or maybe I just can't find them. I do not like marketing managers since they love to make interesting information go away just for the sake of "branding" and other sales concerns. Anyhow, at least they seem to provide good [http://cubify.com/legacy/ support] for the Rapman, 3D Touch and BFB-3000, e.g. this [http://3dpedia.3dsystems.com/display/BFBCustTechRes/Customer+technical+resources wiki]. Let's hope that it will stay. Finally, some people did save some of the old contents, e.g. google for ""bits from bytes" forum"
30kg


[[image:bukobot-aug-2012.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bukobot, Source: http://deezmaker.com/]]
(size=490x445x443)
|
|Independent dual extruder (IDEX).
20 seconds to change color
|0.4 nozzle (300 deg)
|350mm/s for 0.1 layers. 200m/s for normal layers.
(22 min for 2 mirrored benchys).
|Double-sided PEI Glass Plate.
|no camera
|Most, including TPU and nylon.
|slient,
|Good quality parts. Default slicer not very good. Not as fast or large as competition. Only IDEX machine in this range.
|-
| rowspan="2" |[https://www.vivedino.com/ Vivedino] / [https://www.formbot3d.com/ Formbot]
|Troodon
|1000
|300x300x400 mm (or 400x400x500 large)


=== Deezmaker ===
(size= 600x680x610 mm, 28kg)
|no
|Direct extruder
|0.4mm easy swap nozzle (0.2. to 0.8 on option), 0.05 to 0.3mm.
270 deg
|max: 500mm/s
|PEI coated flex bed.


Hardware:
BLT touch sensor (36 points)
* [http://deezmaker.com/bukobot/ Bukobot], various models
|
** features an easy-to-assemble "2D" Aluminum frame
|most, including abrasives
** Available: End of summer 2012
|This is a kind of Voron architecture
|95% assembled, requires some skills.
|-
|Voron
|800 to 1500
|350x350x350mm (version 2.4). Other options are 250x250x250 or 300x300x300
|no
|Direct extruder
|0.4 nozzle, 285 deg
|
|Automatic leveling with inductive probe.
|
|
|Voron is a design and is sold in the form of various kits.
|Good (best current kit), but requires expertise to assemble and get it working.
|}
If you looking for a popular cheap machine, you could check out:


Comment:
* Creality Ender-3 S (the Pro version is more expensive, but worth it, the Plus version has more build space)
* It's probably a good idea to offer an alternative to the more difficult to assemble RepRap designs. The Felix printer (design is not open source) uses a similar approach and I find that very convincing.
* Artillery Sidewinder X2
* Anycubic Kobra


[[image:fabathome-model2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Fab@Home version 2]]
You can find these in many online shops. Prices can vary greatly at times. If you are low on budget, watch out for 50% sales, e.g. around 150 to 200 Euros.


=== Fab@Home 3D printers ===
If you are looking for a reliable, a bit more costly machine (out of the Box and staying), check out:


[http://www.fabathome.org/ Fab@Home], is marketed as "personal fabricator". As opposed to RepRap designs, Fab@Home uses a syringe system and can print a large variety of materials, including silicone, cement, stainless steel, cake frosting, and cheese. Hardware designs and software on this website are [[open source]]. This printer can include a dual syringe tool for printing two materials simultaneously.
* [https://www.prusa3d.com/ Prusa] mini or Prusa i3 MK3
Avoid expensive commercial brands that offer consumer machines with lesser functionality for higher prices, e.g. Makerbot Replicator.


Hardware:
== History of consumer-grade 3D printers ==
* [http://www.nextfabstore.com/servlet/Detail?no=40 Fab@Home Version 2.0 - Kit for Single Syringe System] costs $2125 (oct. 2011)
** Accuracy: Depends a lot on the materials, with a fine nozzle about 0.1mm in theory (+/- 100 micrometers according to the website).
* An assembled [http://www.nextfabstore.com/servlet/Detail?no=34 Fab@Home V1.0 - Assembled Two Syringe System] would cost $3500


Resources:
Below, some consumer-grade 3D printers that made early history after 2005 where Adrian Bowyer launched the RepRap Project. Most links will be broken, since pages have been taken down or the companies went out of business.
* [http://www.fabathome.org/wiki/ Wiki]
* [http://www.fabathome.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fab%40Home:Design_Library Design Library]


=== Imagine 3D Printer ===
=== Reprap 3D FDM printers ===


[http://essentialdynamics.net/ Essential Dynamics] sells a syringe-based 3D printer.  
[[image:Assembled-prusa-mendel.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Prusa Mendel]]
[http://www.reprap.org/ RepRap], a British project, is short for Replicating Rapid-prototyper. They all can be assembled from parts bought in various places. In 2018, there were several different [https://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap_Machines Reprap Designs]. The classic ones plus some other earlier designs are the following:
* Darwin. The design that inspired the first commercial Rapman and CupCake designs
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Mendel Mendel Overview] (second generation Reprap)
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Prusa Prusa Mendel Overview] (improved easier to build Mendel)
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Huxley Huxley Overview] (travel sized mendel)
* [http://reprap.org/wiki/Delta Delta] / [http://reprap.org/wiki/Rostock Rostock]
* [https://reprap.org/wiki/Snappy RepRap Snappy] (2018, most 3D printable printer).


Hardware:
All RepRap printers can built with spare parts available from many places. However, this requires good "bricolage" skills. For those who don't have these, there exist many commercial kits that are relatively easy to assemble and also fully assembled kits (see below).
* [http://essentialdynamics.net/ Imagine 3D Printer], launched end of 2011 (?).
* fully assembled
* Prints several materials, including food, chocolates, silicone, cheese, epoxy, organics, etc.
* $2,995
* no reviews found .....


Support/sharing site
Resources:
* [http://mongasso.com/ Mongasso] (empty as of 1/2012)
* [http://www.reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page RepRap wiki]
* [http://reprap.blogspot.com/ RepRap Official Blog] (last post in 2014)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RepRap_Project RepRap Project] (Wikipedia)


[[image:cupcake-bunny.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cupcake/Thing-O-Matic 3D Printer]]
[[image:candyfab6000.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The CandyFab 6000 sugar-based 3D printer]]


=== Makerbot printers ===
=== Candyfab printers ===


[http://www.makerbot.com/ MakerBot Industries] sells other RepRap-inspired designs. Like other Reprap derivaties, their 3D printers include a plastruder and an Arduino-compatible microcontroller and they work with several kinds of plastic, e.g. ABS (Lego-like) and HDPE (milk-jug like). The founder of this company also is involved in the RepRap research project.
Candyfab was one of coolest projects in the beginning of DYI 3D printing. It did sugar sintering.


Hardware: Currently, (2012) there are several versions, see also the closed source Replicator II (somewhere below)
* [http://www.candyfab.org/ CandyFab Project home page]
* A free design called [http://wiki.makerbot.com/cupcake CupCake CNC] and and its current (2011) [http://wiki.makerbot.com/cupcake-cnc-10:ultimate-build-instructions Ultimate]. Makerbot will sell the parts. I don't know if there is any difference in design with respect to the Thin-O-Matic kit.
* [http://wiki.candyfab.org/ CandyFab Wiki]
* [http://store.makerbot.com/replicator.html MakerBot Replicator]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CandyFab CandyFab] (Wikipedia)
**  $1,749.00 fully assembled
* [http://forum.candyfab.org/ CandyFab Forum]
** dual head is possible (+$250)
** 225 x145 x150 milimeters printing area
** Layer thickness: .2-.3mm with 4mm stock nozzle.
** Speed: 40 mm/s
* [http://store.makerbot.com/thing-o-matic-kit-mk7.html MakerBot Thing-O-Matic® Kit] (formerly called Cupcake?)
** Between $1225 and $1300 for the kit
** 3mm extruder
** 9.6 x 10.8cm print area
* [http://store.makerbot.com/assembled-makerbot-thing-o-matic.html Fully Assembled MakerBot Thing-O-Matic]
** This is the old (well known) model
** out of stock (was $2500)


Other [http://wiki.makerbot.com/start devices] are in development as documented in the Makerbot wiki (oct. 2011)
[[image:Rapman-3-1-schema.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rapman 3.1. schema - Source: [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/ Bits from Bytes]]]
=== Bits from Bytes printers ===
[http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/ Bits from Bytes] did produce and sell Reprap derivatives, in particular the [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/ RapMan v3.11] (£750 / CHF 1270) we acquired in January 2010. It was assembled by end of Feb 2010 Read the [[RapMan]] article. The company is now dead, i.e. it was absorbed by 3D systems.
* Print area: 27 x 20.5 x 21 cm, not heated platform
* 3mm nozzle
* Resolution: x&y axis = 0.2mm, z axis = 0.7mm (roughly)
* Materials: ABS (warping for bottom surfaces larger than 4-5cm), "Hard", original translucid PLA (very different from "modern" processed PLA).
The Rapman was one of the first commercial kits for the RepRap v1 and it's probably one of the most beautiful designs. Assembly was rather difficult, but very well documented. All you needed was good reading skills. It did work, but did need what we could call "RepRap printing skills". Some design elements could be improved, in particular: filament intake (extruder), portability (after transport the structure may need adjustment), heated platform.


[[image:black-orca-030c.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Orca V0.3 3D printer]]
[[image:fabathome-model2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Fab@Home version 2]]


=== Mendel Parts ===
=== Fab@Home 3D printers ===


* [http://www.mendel-parts.com/ Mendel-Parts] is a Dutch one-man company that started by selling parts for the Mendel design.
[http://www.fabathome.org/ Fab@Home], is marketed as "personal fabricator". As opposed to RepRap designs, Fab@Home used a syringe system and could print a large variety of materials, including silicone, cement, stainless steel, cake frosting, and cheese. Hardware designs and software on their website were [[open source]]. This printer also included a dual syringe tool for printing two materials simultaneously.


Hardware:
Hardware:
* [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/complete-orca-v0-30-kit-unassembled.html Orca v0.3]
* [http://www.nextfabstore.com/servlet/Detail?no=40 Fab@Home Version 2.0 - Kit for Single Syringe System] cost was $2125 (oct. 2011). An assembled [http://www.nextfabstore.com/servlet/Detail?no=34 Fab@Home V1.0 - Assembled Two Syringe System] would cost $3500
** Mendel-inspired design, but the big parts are laser-cut aluminum (and therefore "non-replicatable", but easier to assemble)
* Accuracy: Depends a lot on the materials, with a fine nozzle about 0.1mm in theory (+/- 100 micrometers according to the website).
** $600 EUR
** ABS and PLA
** Print size: 210x210x165mm
** Choice between 1.75 and 3mm hot end.
** Speed: up to 300mm/s
** The V 0.2 is still available and costs slightly less (oct. 2011)
** Note: Very new as of oct. 2011. I couldn't find any detailed reviews, but the design looks good - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] 20:44, 19 October 2011 (CEST).


* [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/catalog/complete-kits/mendel-v2/complete-mendel-parts-kit-unassembled.html Mendel v2]
Resources:
** €699.00
* [http://www.fabathome.org/wiki/ Wiki]
** I'd rather get the "non-replicating" Orca since it's much easier to assemble. Folks who want to play with the printer design itself, may look at this model or other Mendel Prusa kits.
* [http://www.fabathome.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fab%40Home:Design_Library Design Library]


Resources:
[[image:cupcake-bunny.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cupcake/Thing-O-Matic 3D Printer]]
* [http://reprap.org/wiki/Orca RepRap Orca wiki page]
 
=== Makerbot printers ===


[[image:MakerGear_Prusa_Mendel_top_2_large.jpg|thumb|200px|right|MakerGear Prusa 3D Printer]]
[http://www.makerbot.com/ MakerBot Industries] sold other RepRap-inspired designs. Like other Reprap derivaties, their 3D printers included a plastruder and an Arduino-compatible microcontroller and worked with several kinds of plastic, e.g. ABS and HDPE (milk-jug like). The founder of this company was also involved in the RepRap research project.
* A free design called [http://wiki.makerbot.com/cupcake CupCake CNC] and and its current (2011) [http://wiki.makerbot.com/cupcake-cnc-10:ultimate-build-instructions Ultimate]. Makerbot will sell the parts. I don't know if there is any difference in design with respect to the Thin-O-Matic kit.
* [http://store.makerbot.com/thing-o-matic-kit-mk7.html MakerBot Thing-O-Matic® Kit] (formerly called Cupcake?)
** Between $1225 and $1300 for the kit and à2500 fully assembled
** 3mm extruder
** 9.6 x 10.8cm print area
Later, this company developed closed sourced systems that became popular with institutional buyers. The company still sells expensive rather high-end machines.[[image:MakerGear_Prusa_Mendel_top_2_large.jpg|thumb|200px|right|MakerGear Prusa 3D Printer]]


=== Makergear ===
=== Makergear ===


[http://www.makergear.com/products/3d-printers Makergear] sells two kits as of oct. 2011. One is rather destinated to people who want to play with the Mendel Prusa design and maybe do creative modifications. The other, i.e. the Mosaic is more an end-user product.
[http://www.makergear.com/products/3d-printers Makergear] sold two kits as of oct. 2011. One is rather destinated to people who want to play with the Mendel Prusa design and maybe do creative modifications. The other, i.e. the Mosaic was more of an end-user product.
 
Hardware:
* [http://www.makergear.com/products/3d-printers Prusa 3D printer] kit
* [http://www.makergear.com/products/3d-printers Prusa 3D printer] kit
** $825 for a complete kit
** $825 for a complete kit
Line 313: Line 468:
** $999
** $999
** (Probably) fairly easy to assemble
** (Probably) fairly easy to assemble
* [http://www.makergear.com/products/mosaic-3d-printers Mosaic 3D Printer] fully assembled
** Price is unknown, since out of stock on oct. 19 2011
MakerGear also sells various sets of printed parts and other gear for assembling your own.
Resources:
* [http://www.makergear.com/ Home page] (Includes a blog and instructions)
[[image:printrbot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Printrbot prototype. The final versions look different and use wooden parts]]


=== Printrbot ===
=== Printrbot ===


Probably is one of the most popular 3D printers as of summer/fall 2012. S
Probably was one of the most popular 3D printers as of summer/fall 2012. S
 
Hardware:
* [http://printrbot.com/ printrbot.com]
* [http://printrbot.com/ printrbot.com]
* Open Hardware Design
* Open Hardware Design
Line 339: Line 483:
* [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/printrbot/printrbot-your-first-3d-printer backers] at KickStarter
* [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/printrbot/printrbot-your-first-3d-printer backers] at KickStarter
* [http://printrbot.com/instructions/ Asssembly instructions]
* [http://printrbot.com/instructions/ Asssembly instructions]
[[image:shaper-cube.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ultimaker]]
=== Shapercube ===
[http://www.shapercube.com/ Shapercube] has a printer based on the RepRap Mendel design
* [http://www.reprapsource.com/ Kit availabe at RepRapSource]
** Price: 950 Euros + VAT.
** Build area: 20 x 19.5 x 18.5cm
** Single or dual head
** 3mm filament
** Accuracy 0.0125mm
** includes a heated platform
** Fast (over 100mm/s print head movement
** Fairly heavy (16 kg)


[[image:ultimaker-2011.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Shaper Cube]]
[[image:ultimaker-2011.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Shaper Cube]]
Line 360: Line 488:
=== Ultimaker ===
=== Ultimaker ===


As of Oct. 2011, the Dutch [http://www.ultimaker.com/ Ultimaker] seems to be the favorite open source design '''kit'''. It's fast, can print big and it's easy to assemble (compared to a RapMan for example). Ultimaker focuses on speedy PLA printing. PLA doesn't warp like ABS, it is ecological but fragile. ABS is very solid, not ecological and would require a heated bed for larger prints. Therefore, if you need to produce tough objects, Ultimaker may not be a good option.
As of Oct. 2011, the Dutch [http://www.ultimaker.com/ Ultimaker] was the favorite open source design '''kit'''. It was (comparatively) fast, could print big and was easy to assemble compared to a RapMan for example. Ultimaker focused on speedy PLA printing and contributed to make this somewhat ecological filament the most popular.


Hardware:
Hardware:
* The [https://shop.ultimaker.com/en/ultimaker-kits.html Ultimaker 1 Kit] (a + variant is still sold) costs EUR 1200.
* The [https://shop.ultimaker.com/en/ultimaker-kits.html Ultimaker 1 Kit] costs EUR 1200.
** Reprap design
** Reprap design
** It can print 21x21x22 cm volumes
** It can print 21x21x22 cm volumes
Line 371: Line 499:
** No heated bed (?)
** No heated bed (?)


* Ultimaker 2 is again a very popular machine in Fablabs, because of its good design, reliability and precision.
* Ultimaker 2 became a very popular machine in Fablabs, because of its good design, reliability and precision.


Resources:
Resources:
Line 379: Line 507:
* [http://blog.erikdebruijn.nl/ Erik's Blog]
* [http://blog.erikdebruijn.nl/ Erik's Blog]


== Commercial closed design entry-level filament 3D printers ==
== Web services for 3D printing ==
 
We distinguish between commercial 3D printers that are closed source (below) and commercial open source/open design printers (in the previous section). An other '''very''' important distinction is between closed design printers that are open to modification and use standard boards (e.g. Arduino), standard g-code, open-source slicers and control software (such as the Felix) as opposed to printers that will rely on proprietary boards, g-code, slicer and control software (such as the fabbster). Personally I like the combination of commercial (the printer) and open (software, spare parts that can be printed, standard filament) as opposed to printers that require special plastic, special software, special hardware. A bit like Android as opposed to the iThings ....
 
As of december 2011, we counted two fully assembled machines and two announcement for kits. By summer 2012, there were more and one could buy a commercial printer kit for around 1000 Euros or less. See below. By 2013, there first Stereolithography (SL) printers are on the market for as little as $10000 or even less. By 2016, the cheapest printers from China cost around $300. As of 2017, you also can get very cheap printers made in Europe.
 
This section will hardly ever be updated. There are enough other good websites - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] ([[User talk:Daniel K. Schneider|talk]]) 16:56, 7 September 2015 / August 2017.
 
[[image:cube_3D_printer.png|thumb|right|200px|Cube 3D printer]]
===  3D Systems - Cube and CubeX ===
 
[http://www.3dsystems.com/ 3Dsystems], a company that sells professional 3D printers (see below) introduced the Cube consumer model on Jan 2012. This was probably the first consumer model created by a large 3D printer company. It may show a trend: Cheap price but proprietary material cartridges (same principle as home user 2D printers). The CubeX came out in 2013 and sponsors a bigger print area, optional dual/triple head, and improvements in quality. The CubeX can be considered a successor for the BFB 3000 (from the bought-up now dead british company that pioneered 3D printing with the Rapman). It looks as heavy and solid as the BFB :)
 
; Hardware
* [http://cubify.com/cube/ Cube]
** Print size: up to 5.5 X 5.5 X 5.5 in. (140 x 140 x 140 mm)
** Print Cartridge (at $50, no idea how much it lasts ...)
** Durable, ABS Plastic in 10 Colors
** USB & Wi-Fi Connectivity
** Price: $1400
** Layer Thickness - 5 mil (125 Microns)
** Materials: ABS
 
* [http://cubify.com/cubex/index.aspx CubeX]
** 275 mm x 265 mm x 240 mm
** Prints both ABS and PLA
** Part painting tool (assign a print head to a "section" ?)
** Included Design software (what ?)
** Single, double or triple head printing
** 36-38kg
** Z-resolution: 0.1mm
** X/Y resolution: 0.2mm
** $2800 (single head) to $4400 (triple head)
 
 
[[image:fablicator_3D_printer_2012.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Fablicator 3D printer]]
=== Dremel ===
 
[https://3dprinter.dremel.com Dremel 3D Idea Builder], a filament printer from the well-know DYI tools company. (new/2014)
 
* Prints (proprietary) PLA
* Maximum Build Volume: 9” x 5.9” x 5.5” / 230 mm x 150 mm x 140 mm
* Layer Thickness: 4 mil | 0.004 inches 100 microns | 0.10 mm
* $1000
 
Note: In the advertisement the machine is hailed as very easy to use. IMHO, do not trust that. Filament printers are never easy to use. All of these require calibration (printhead must be 0.2mm off, surface must be sticky, etc.). Otherwise, price/quality relation should be ok if you do not mind a fully proprietary solution.
 
=== Fablicator ===


[http://www.fablicator.com/ Fablicator] is an US product that features a rigid aluminum frame.
There several companies who fabricate 3D objects from models created by the public. Typically, online 3D printing services also include a store where users can both upload and sell designs. Some sites also offer other manufacturing and commercial services and most also provide free resources for learning how to create things


* fully assembled
* '''[http://www.shapeways.com/ Shapeways]'''
* Price: $3000
* '''[http://www.sculpteo.com/ Sculpteo]'''
* Build area 7x7x7 inches
* '''[http://www.kraftwurx.com/ Kraftwurx]'''
* 2012 model
* '''[https://xometry.de/en/3d-printing/ Xometry]'''
* Prints both ABS and PLA
 
[[image:fabbster.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Fabbster 3D printer]]
 
=== Fabbster ===
 
[http://www.fabbster.com/ Fabbster] was announced for March 2012, but had a slight delay (April/Mai ?). This printer was sold through retail shops for about 1500 € total. It went out of business sometimes in 2014 or 2015.
* I signed up in Feb 2012 for the 500 € pilot program and got the machine on April 24 2012. As of 2013/14 I didn't use it anymore. It's design for sticks isn't suitable for my needs, i.e. I have to leave a printer unattended for 12 hours, can't do that with sticks. In 2015, I gave it to a student. - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]]
 
Read:
* [[Fabbster 3D printer]]
 
; Hardware
* The flyer announces a pretty fast engine
* 4mm nozzle (by default)
* 0.025 to 0.4mm layer size
* Customized Netfabb engine tool included
* Suggested retail price: 1000€
 
 
[[image:felix-1-printer.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Felix 1.0 3D printer]]
 
=== FelixPrinter ===
[http://www.felixprinters.com/ Felix] is the IMHO the first European company to offer a low cost printer that is easy to assemble, according to the website. Assembly of the current DYI model (Felix 3.x) seems to take about 5 to 12 hours depending on your DYI skills. Felix DYI printers also can be bought assembled. The Pro line is assembled and takes about 10 minutes to set up.
 
* We bought a Felix 1.0 in March 2012, a Felix 2.0 in October 2013 and a Felix Pro 1 in December 2015. - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] 13 March 2012/25 october 2013
* Read: [[Felix 3D printer]], [[Felix 2.0 3D printer]] and [[Felix Pro 1 3D printer]] for some how-to information and for an informal experience report.
 
; [http://www.felixprinters.com/ Felix 2.0] (2013)
** Kit: 1000 Euros
** Fully assembled and tested: 1400 Euros
** Aluminum frame, assembled by screwing 6 hex bolts, Drylin-sliding bearings, Opto-sensor, NEMA 17 motor
** RAMPS 1.4 electronics
** 0.35mm diameter nozzle
** 1.75mm filament
** Build size: 235, 205, 200 mm
** Z accuracy: 0.05 mm
** Opensource Repetierhost control software.
** The printer is designed for PLA printing, however it also can print ABS if the print platform is adapted (various methods)
 
; Positive sides of the Felix 1.0 (after our own experience in 2012)
* Reliability (long over night print, 24h prints)
* Accuracy, probably as good as any other high-end printer.
* It can be '''easily carried around''' (crucial for some school settings). It doesn't weight much and has a handle on top. The geometry will remain stable, as opposed to "pure" RepRap designs that may need recalibration after transport.
* Good combination between closed source (the frame design, etc.) and opensource (arduino board, controller software)
 
; Negative for the Felix 1.0 (after our own experience in 2012/13)
* Typical filament printer problems that all of them have (e.g. clogging if the filament is bad or dirty, warping, large flat objects not sticking, overhangs)
* Calibration work is difficult if (and only if) you plan to get the optimal prints
 
; Positive sides of the Felix 2.0 (after a '''few hours''' and the three first prints on oct. 25 2013 !)
* Like the Felix 1.0 it worked out of the box. Setting it up took about 30 minutes (getting it out of the box, downloading a new version of the controller/slicer software). We skipped calibration, but just made sure that the print head would not touch the printbed.
* With respect to the Felix 1.0 (2011/2012), the 2.0 seems to print with better precision. However, we will have to create new SFACT problems for Lego printing. Standard settings (several) are fine, but as we always claim: There is no such thing as good universal standard settings that work with all types of objects ...
 
; Negative
* Probably due to transport, the platform was not totally level (about 0.2mm to high in the x/y=0 corner. Therefore we had to recalibrate (tighten the screw).
* After that, the hotend was a bit too close to the printbed (less than 0.1mm) and we had to adjust the Z homing sensors (turn the screw in the right direction ...)
 
=== Leapfrog ===
 
[http://www.lpfrg.com/ Leapfrog] offers two 3D printers; the entry level ready-to-go 3D printer the Creatr and the high-end 3D Printer the Xeed
 
; Hardware [[File:Creatr Front View - Main picture.jpg|thumbnail|The Creatr by Leapfrog BV]]
* The [http://www.lpfrg.com/product/creatr/ Creatr] is available as a Single extruder or a Dual extruder.
** € 1250 [Single extruder] / € 1500 [Dual extruder]
** Heated bed
** Build Size (WxDxH): 230 x 270 x 220 mm
** Max. Print Volume 13.7 Liter
** Positioning accuracy: 0.05 mm
** Min. Layer thickness: 0.15 mm
** Material types: ABS, PLA, PVA and experimental other types of plastics (PE, PPE, PC, etc), 1.75mm filament.
** Standard size extruder : 0.35 mm
** Speed X and Y axis: up to 0.35 m/s
** Extrusion speed 200 mm/min
 
* The [http://www.lpfrg.com/product/xeed/ Xeed] looks like a high-end filament printer, e.g. similar to the well-known BitsfromBytes 3D Touch.[[File:Leapfrog 3D Printers Picutre Xeed3D.jpg|thumbnail|The Xeed by Leapfrog BV]]
** € 5,460
** Wireless 3D printing
** Build size (WxDxH): 340 x 370 x 290 mm
** Max. Print Volume 36,5 Liter
** Standard size extruder : 0.2 mm
** Speed X and Y axis: up to 1 m/s
** On-board 10" Tablet
** Multiple heads (dual extruders are standard)
** Closed chamber
** Heated bed
 
=== Makerbot ===
 
[http://store.makerbot.com Makerbot] offers various models.
[[File:Makerbot-replicator2.jpg|thumbnail|Makerbot replicator 2]]
 
The [http://store.makerbot.com/replicatorx.html Replicator 2] and the [http://store.makerbot.com/replicator2x.html Replicator 2x] seem to be closed source designs as opposed to prior models:
 
; Hardware (replicator 2)
* Available sept. 2012
* $ 2200 to 2800
* 0.1 mm - 0.37mm layers
* 28.5 x 15.3 x 15.5 cm build volume
* Filament Diameter: 1.75 mm
* Filament type: PLA
* Nozzle Diameter: 0.4 mm
 
; Software
* Proprietary
 
[[File:The-micro-bg.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|M3D ]]
=== M3D ===
 
* Really small, really cheap (new as of 2014)
* $199 to $299
* Available around March 2014
 
=== Robox ===
 
* [http://www.cel-robox.com/ Robox]
* A new "design" printer that will be available sometimes in 2014
 
* Should support a wide range of material, automatic bed levelling, proprietary software, replaceable printhead
 
[[image:solidoodle-beta-2011.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Solidoodle (beta)]]
 
=== Solidoodle ===
 
[http://www.solidoodle.com/ Solidoodle] is the first company to offer a fully assembled low-cost (under $1000) printer (Shipping Q4 2011). The box seems to have a closed chamber which is a good solution for printing ABS at a more or less constant temperature.
 
Hardware:
* As of 9/2013, there are two versions, The 3rd generationat $800 and the 2nd generation at $500.
* The 2nd generation was:
** Design: ReRap Sanguinololu v1.3 electronics
** Max Part size: about 10 x 10 x 10 cm
** Accuracy: .3mm (84dpi)
** .35mm nozzle, using 1.75mm filament (ABS), Sprint loaded extruder (no thumb screws).
 
Resources:
* [http://groups.google.com/group/solidoodle Solidoodle Google Group]
 
=== Sumpod ===
 
[http://www.sumpod.com/ Sumpod] sells both a kit and fully assembled printers
 
Hardware:
* The fully assembled Sumpod Aluminum should come out by Aug. 2012 and it has a heated print bed and can have multiple print heads.
 
 
[[image:peachy-printer.png|thumb|right|200px|Peachy printer (beta)]]
 
=== Tiko ===
 
* The unibody printer uses a reprap Delta design and will be really cheap (kickstart funded in 2015).
 
=== Peachy Printer ===
 
* [http://www.peachyprinter.com/ Peachy Printer home page]
* Available in April 2014 ?
 
This printer will be both very cheap (100$ self-assembled) and it is a photolithographic system working with resin and a laser (!).
 
Hardware:
* Read [http://www.peachyprinter.com/#!printer-specs/c1gk6 Specifications]
 
According to [http://www.ageekyworld.com/technology/peachy-printer-the-worlds/ A geeky world] (9/2013), {{quotation|The peachy printer is a Photolithographic printer which uses a controlled beam of light to cure light sensitive resin into hard objects. The peachy moves a laser beam along the X and Y axes to create the shape of the object, while using a drip system to control the level of the resin on the Z axis which determines the height of the object. ... Grayson wrote an add-on to blender which translate 3D model into an audio waveform. It then plays the audio file out to the printer through the headphone jack in your computer. This waveform drives a pair of electro magnetic mirrors which reflect and control the path of the laser beam. The higher the volume, the higher the voltage, the more the mirrors move. The laser beam can then draw out the shape of the object along the X and Y axes. You can also uses smartphones, radios, stereos, and mp3 players that have DC coupled audio to control the X and Y axises of the printer.}}
 
[[image:up-3d-printer.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Light-weight UP! 3D printer]]
 
=== PP3dp / Up! ===
 
* [http://pp3dp.com/ PP3dp] sells light-weight fully assembled 3D printers
 
Hardware:
* [http://pp3dp.com/ UP! Plus]
** $1500
** 14 x 14 cm build area, heated platform (good for ABS)
** Supports ABS and PLA in later model versions
** 0.2 mm accuracy.
** Close source software
* Reviews: [http://blog.ponoko.com/2010/09/06/user-review-of-the-up-3d-printer/ Ponoko], ....
 
* [http://pp3dp.com/ UP! mini]
** $900
 
* [http://pp3dp.com/ UP Plus 2]
** $1650
** 140W x 140D x 135H mm
 
* [http://www.afinia.com/ Afinia]
** A rebranded model for the US market (Aug 2012).
 
In oct. 2011, this model seemed to be one of the easiest solution to start 3D printing, i.e. you can unpack and print and don't need to learn about calibration with tools like [[Skeinforge for RapMan|Skeinforge]]. On the downside (if I understand right) one only can print ABS in three settings (fine, normal and coarse). Also, the print area is small compared to a RapMan.
 
Resources:
* [http://pp3dp.com/forum/ Official forum]
* [http://3dmake.blogspot.com/ 3D Make blog] (including "experiments")
 
[[image:robotfactory_3D-ONE.jpg|thumb|right|200px|3D-One by Robotfactory]]
 
=== Robotfactory ===
 
An Italian company,
 
Hardware:
* [http://www.robotfactory.it/Cnc_index3D-ONE.htm 3D-ONE]
** A high end filament printer, for which I couldn't find any reviews yet. If the specifications are true, this must be the best filament printer out there as of nov 2012 - 11:58, 7 November 2012 (CET)
** 245 x 245 x 245 mm print area (this is large compared to most others)
** 0,06 mm x/y resolution
** 0.01 z resolution
** Slice settings (?): 0,10 / 0,21 / 0,31 / 0,42 / 0,53 (mm)
** Support for PLA, ABS, PVA and PC
 
* [http://www.robotfactory.it/Cnc_index3DLPrinter.htm 3DLPrinter]
** A stereolithography printer. Quote (google translated) The prototyping technique © DLP (Digital Light Processing) is the 3D printing system that uses a special photosensitive polymer resin to create the objects.
** It "looks" a bit like the Formlabs (see above). No idea whether there a similarities in design.
 
=== XYZ Printing ===
 
* Sells several models
 
* [http://us.xyzprinting.com/us_en/Product/dv10aio da Vinci 1.0 AiO]
** Includes a 3D Scanner
** 20 x 20 x 19 cm build volume
** 27.5 kg
** Resolution: 0.1 mm
** Nozzle 0.4 mm with 1.75 mm filament
** ABS/PLA
** STL and XYZ (.3w) format
 
== Commercial entry-level SLA / DLP printers ==
 
Since 2012, SLA technology was available for hobby printing. Resin is exposed to ultra-violet light that will harden it. DLP, using standard computer screens, came soon after.
 
Printing is somewhat easier but requires a bit more post processing, some cleaning effort and the material (resin) is more expensive. As of Jan 2018, there exist more than two dozens SLA and DLP printers, e.g. read [https://all3dp.com/1/best-resin-dlp-sla-3d-printer-kit-stereolithography/#3d-systems-projet-1200 this].
 
Make sure to understand that you will have to clean up messy resin and to wash and cure the result.
* Use Nitril gloves (e.g. buy from an online general retailer) and protective glasses.
* You also should buy a proper "curing station" as opposed to use simple containers with solvents (usually Isopropyl alcohol, 90%+ (IPA))
* You should find an appropriate workspace and add maybe a stainless steel workbench, e.g. [http://www.webstaurantstore.com/regency-24-x-48-16-gauge-stainless-steel-equipment-stand-with-undershelf/600ES2448S.html like this one] mentioned by Autodesk. Resin may spill and damage your nice wooden office  furniture.
* Waste includes resin and solvents and should be handled appropriately. You can use a large plastic bottle for that and then dispose in an appropriate place.
 
While SLA/DLP printers allow to print much more precise objects, the post processing and cleaning up is not well liked by many users.
 
'''Outlook for 2020/21'''. One of the main advantages of resin printers is speed (in particular if you plan to print a series of small objects. As of 2019, some models like the [https://zortrax.com/blog/resin-3d-printing-faster-and-more-precise/ Zortrax Inkspire] claims to be 10 times faster than a "normal" model. In the meantime, 3D printing research promises printers that will 100 times as fast, e.g. [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/3d-printing-is-100-times-faster-with-a-powerpoint-projector This 3D Printing Technique Is 100 Times Faster Than Standard 3D Printers] (IEEE Spectrum, Jan 2019) and [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07798-9 Forget everything you know about 3D printing — the ‘replicator’ is here] (Nature, Jan 2019).
 
Below we shall describe some SLA printers, see the next section for DLP.
 
=== 3D Systems ===
 
As of May 2018, the '''FabPro 100''' is the second (relatively) cheap SLA/UV printer from industry leading 3D Systems. It replaces the ''Projet 1200'' model. It claims to print fast. It has less build space than the Form 2 and we wonder in what respect this model could be a better buy. Maybe because 3D Systems did invent and patented SLA printing technology many years ago...
 
[https://www.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/fabpro-1000/specifications Specifications] include:
 
* Size and weight: 43 x 43 x 61.2 cm for 37.5 kgs
* €5,795 including a UV Curing Box (€4,295.00 without) delivered to France or Germany.
* Layer thickness: 30-50 micron
* Build size:  125 x 70 x 120 mm
* Vertical build speed: between 5.3 and 14mm depending on materials (FabPro Proto Gry is fastest)
* 1 year warranty (extra warranty can be purchased)
 
Materials:
* Resin seems to be proprietary (FabPro either black/tough, grey or JewlCast) and a bit expensive, i.e. €129.00 for 1l of FabPro Proto GRY.
 
If this machine works like the FormLab 2, then probably other materials could be used, in particular [https://makerjuice.com/ MarkerJuice] which cost less than half price.
* Wavelength is 405 nm
 
The no longer available Projet 1200 was a bit more expensive and had a smaller build volume
* $5000
* 42.9 x 149.9 x 26.9 mm build volume
* 30 microns min. layer height
 
=== Autodesk Ember ===
 
As of Jan 2018 [https://3dprint.com/170791/autodesk-discontinues-ember/ manufacturing of this is discontinued]. The design is open source and in principle someone else could have built it, but it did not seem to happen. Made by CAD software giant, this printer integrated with Autodesk Print Studio.
 
* x/y resolution: 50
* Layers: 10-100 microns
* Build volume 64 x 40 x 134 (which is very small)
* Around $7500 ?
 
Autodesk sold its own resin, but was compatible with number of others, e.g. from DWS, Formlabs, Asiga and MadeSolid.
 
[[image:B9Creator.jpg|thumb|200px|right|B9Prototype - Source: [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/b9creations/b9creator-a-high-resolution-3d-printer KickStarter]]]
 
=== B9Creator ===
 
Probably the first cheap open source design that used none filament deposition technology and that was announced in 2012.
 
* [http://b9creator.com/index.php/ B9 Creator]
 
Hardware:
* Technology: Uses a DLP projector to cure a photopolymer (light initiated) resin. A deformable Mirror Device (DMD) projector shines a 1024 x 768 pixel image onto a layer of photo-initiated polymer resin.
* Build area: 102.4 x 76.8 x 206.4 mm (max at 100 micron x/y setting)
* Price: $3000 (Kit) and $5000 (Assembled)
 
[[File:Formlabs-form1.png|200px|thumb|right|Formalabs Form 1 printer (prototype)]]
 
=== Formlabs ===
 
[http://formlabs.com/ Formlabs] is an SLA technology available since 2014, they ship world-wide.
; Form 1+
* $3300.- (?) / €2799, A liter of Resin costs at least 100$ / 85 Euros
* 300 min. size of objects
* 25 micron layers
* Build volume: 125 x 125 x 165mm
* Material: Acrylate Photopolymer Resin
* 8 Kg
 
The Form 1 uses Stereolithography (SL) technology, i.e. uses a laser to cure a liquid resin. That kind of technology, so far, was only available in professional printers. [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] ([[User talk:Daniel K. Schneider|talk]]) 16:18, 17 April 2013 / September 2014.
 
; Form 2 - replaces the Form 1+
 
* 4169.00 CHF, 4399.00 chez Digitec avec Finish Kit.
* 30 to 100 microns
* Build volume: 145 x 145 x 175 mm
* 13kg
 
1 litre Resin costs about 190 CHF. Flexible resin is around 250 and Dental up to 650. Prices are lower in the US. It is also possible to use cheaper resin, e.g. [https://makerjuice.com/ MakerJuice] which is less than half price ($44 in the USA)
 
As all these printers, handling a print and the Resin is a messy affair. This is why Formlabs offers extra post processing devices for cleaning and also stabilizing the print. The best option (Form Wash + Form Cure) costs an extra 2K (less in the USA).
 
=== UNIZ ===
 
Sells The Slash and (probably) in June 2018 a Slash+. These models seem to be comparatively cheap, have a fairly large build volume and are pretty fast. However, as of Feb 2018 there are no serious user reports and the documentation on their website is less than good (just pictures and specifications). Most online "reviews" are just copy/paste propaganda. If the printer works, it would a good alternative to Photocentric models who do get mixed reports for now (jan 2018).
 
'''The Slash'''
* LCD Stereolithography (similar to SLA technology)
* Build volume 192 × 120 × 200mm, which is large for its category
* Layer thickness 10 to 300 microns
* XY resolution 75
* Claims to print 1000 cc/hour, which is rather fast.
* 12 KG
* $2000 (USA), about 2320 Euros (incl. VAT) in France/Germany via RobotShop
 
Materials are not too expensive, e.g. 1l of standard resin costs 69$ (USA). This model was shipped to Kickstarter backers by Jan 2018.
 
=== Peopoly ===
 
The Peopoly [https://peopoly.net/collections/frontpage Moai] is a low cost SLA printer
 
The Moai is a laser powered SLA printer.
* 15kg
* $1,250.00 + some accessories.
* Build volume: 130 x 130 x 180mm
* Up to 15 micron layer height
* Resin price: $70 per liter
* Uses standard G-code, works with the Cura slicer.
 
=== Titan ===
 
* [https://www.kudo3d.com/ Kudo3D]
 
The Titan 2 has the following specifications
* XY resolution: 26μm ~ 50μm or 23 ~ 38μm (HD native pixel size)
* Z resolution: 5μm (native gear resolution)
* Build Size:
** XY 50μm resolution: 3.7 in x 2.1 in x 9.8 in
** XY 38μm resolution: 2.8 in x 1.5 in x 9.8 in
*  $3,699.00
 
=== XYZ ===
 
[http://www.xyzprinting.com/ XYZ] offers comparatively cheap printers. As of Aug 2017 they have one SLA model.
 
; [https://www.xyzeshop.com/us_en/ Nobel 1.0A]
 
* About 1800$ / 2000 CHF
* Build size: 128 x 128 x 200 mm
* X/Y Resolution: 130, Z-Axis Resolution: 25 micron
 
=== Zortrax ===
 
* [https://store.zortrax.com/us/3d-printers/zortrax-inkspire Zortrax Inkspire] is {{quotation|a resin desktop 3D printer working in UV LCD technology. It's designed around a high-resolution LCD screen with UV LED backlighting that ensures every part of a layer is exposed to the same amount of UV light to uniformly cure the resin.}}
 
* Price: 2000 USD
* Resin price starts 120 USD / litre
* Build volume: 74 x 132 x 175 mm
* Layer speed: 20-36 mm/h.
* XY resolution: 50×50 microns.
* minimal layer height: 25 microns.
 
== Commercial entry-level DLP printers ==
 
DLP printers start cheaper than SLS since projection technology (a LED screen) is cheaper, but there exist also expensive models.
 
=== Wanhao ===
 
[http://www.wanhao3dprinter.com/ Wanhao] produces a very cheap DLP model as of Jan 2018.
 
* The Duplicator 7 only costs $500 (see [https://www.usawanhao.com/wanhao-duplicator-7-v14-red- US Site]. From a Swiss distributor, count CHF 700. On Amazon US, $555 and EUR 482 on Amazon DE. Make sure to get the ''latest'' version.
* Maximum Build Dimensions: 120 x 68 x 200 mm (rather small)
* XY Resolution: 35 microns
* 12 kg
* 395-405nm UV Resin, i.e. compatible with most resins on the market. Their own resin is 75CHF/litre.
 
This printer seems to be particularly "messy" and early models suffered from small engineering mistakes. However, it does have a very good price. It also may be a good idea to buy a separate control unit (about $160).
 
=== Photocentric3D ===
 
[https://photocentric3d.com/ Photocentric offers] three models as of Aug 2017. They use DPP (Daylight Polymer Printing) which use much less energy than SLA. Also Resin (both standard and flexible) seems to be cheaper and comes in some variety (strength, flexibility, color). Some reviews complain that printing is not easy and cleaning difficult. However, a model can be cleaned with hot water, as opposed to alcohol-based solvents that must be used for UV resins. Requires a VAT-film that must be changed every 5 prints.
 
; Liquid crystal 10
 
* 9 kg
* As of Aug 2017, the Photocentric LC10 SLA 3D is probably one of the cheapest SLA printers, at 1300 CHF / 700 £.
* Build volume: 200 x 100 x 200 mm
* Layer thickness: 50 - 100 microns
* X/Y density: 220 microns
* Speed: 25-55 sec layer (depending on resin)
 
; LC Hi-Res SLA
* $2079 / £1599  (or more)
* Build volume: 196 x 147 x 250mm
* X/Y: 97 microns
* Z: 25/50/100 microns
 
; LC Pro
 
* 68 kg
* 3700 £
* Build volume: 470 x 240 x 340 mm
* Layer thickness: 50 - 100 microns
* X/Y: 137 microns
 
=== MakeEx ===
 
[http://www.makex.com/ MakeEx] sells the M-One series and a Jewellery printers ($3600).
 
* As of Jan 2018, M-One is being replaced by newer models.
===Ono===
*[https://www.ono3d.net/ Ono] is daylight SLA printer working with most mobile phones using proprietary resins, but maybe resins from other vendors (e.g. Photocentric) also could work.
 
* BUILD VOLUME: 72 x 124 x 52 mm
* Price: Cheap, about 100 Euros for the printer plus materials (filter, resin).
* As of May 2019 it can be ordered, but [https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/olo3d/olo-the-first-ever-smartphone-3d-printer/comments this finally looks like a scam] or a gross underestimation of technical difficulties. Unless you hear of people who got a shipped unit, '''do not order'''.
 
== Commercial entry-level SLS printers ==
 
Although SLS patents expired some years ago, it took time to see "powder"-based printers appear on the market. As of Sept 2017 there are several machines. Also take into account that you should buy extra machines for dealing with powder recycling and for blasting printed parts.
 
=== Natural Robotics ===
 
The [http://vitsls.com/ VIT made by Natural Robotics], a company based in Barcelona, may become the hottest SLS printer for hobbyists in <s>2018</s> 2020 since the price will be comparatively low and the build size is '''big'''.
 
First machines should have started shipping to Kickstarter backers in May 2018. As of August 2019, no machines have been shipped. Problems with software development are given first, then hardware problem arouse.....
 
Quote: {{quotation|The VIT SLS is designed to use with open powder polymers at a reasonable price [...] }}
 
* speed of 20mm/h (0.8 inches/h) in the Z-axis
* resolution of 0.05 mm (0.002 inches)
* Printing Volume: 250 x 250 x 300mm / 9.8 x 9.8 x 11.8 inches
* Laser tech: CO2 40W allowing diverse materials (eg. polyamide)
 
Announced Retail price: 11.000€ / 12,900 USD. This probably does not include a Sandblaster.
 
=== Sintratec ===
 
Sintratec is a Swiss company that provides both a kit and assembled model. Both print polyamide (Nylon) powder.
 
* [http://sintratec.com/products/kit Sintratec Kit], 5000 Euros
* The assembled machine is around 20K or more
 
As of 2017, one of the cheapest powder printers if you buy the kit.
 
[[File:formlabs-FS1-PRINTER.png|thumb|250px|right|Formlabas Fuse 1 (printer only)]]
 
=== Formlabs Fuse 1 ===
 
The Fuse 1 comes from the manufacturer that brought the first successful cheap SLA printer to the market (see above). As of Sept. 2017 the model is advertized but not yet available. As of Aug. 2018, regular units should ship in 2019.
 
* [https://formlabs.com/3d-printers/fuse-1/ Fuse 1], 12'000 Euros base price (without post-processing unit, or powder). A full recommended system will be 24'000 euros.
 
[[File:Sinterit_Lisa_Set_1080x.png|thumb|250px|right|Sinterit Lisa kit (printer, sieve and blaster]]
 
=== Sinterit Lisa ===
 
* A cheap desktop SLS Printer from Poland. As of Sept 2017, prices have fallen dramatically and this is probably '''the best SLS''' buy with respect to price/qualityif you are low on budget. You can get the printer alone for 5000 Euros and a [https://sinterit.myshopify.com/collections/3d-printers/products/sinterit-lisa-set full kit] with sieve (to clean powder), blaster and 6kgs of powder for 7000 Euros.
 
* [http://sinterit.com/sinterit-lisa/ Sinterit Lisa]
 
=== Sinterit Lisa 2 Pro ===
 
Announced for Sept. 2018 this new machine has a bigger build space than the Lisa
* 110 x 160 x 250 mm, diagonally placed models can take up to 316mm in length
* Lisa 2 Pro single printer for €11990 net
* Lisa 2 Pro complete system for €13990 net – (printer, powder sieve, sandblaster, 6kg of powder).
 
[https://www.sinterit.com/sinterit-lisa-2/ Meet Sinterit Lisa 2 Pro]
 
This is in the same price range as the VIT from Natural Robotics, but from a company that already does have a working model. As of Aug 2018, the VIT hasn't shipped yet ....
 
== 3D Pens ==
 
3D pens were hyped sometimes in 2015 we believe and are fairly useless.
 
[[image:3Ddoodler.jpg|thumb|right|200px|3D doodler (prototype): Source [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1351910088/3doodler-the-worlds-first-3d-printing-pen?ref=category Kickstarter] ]]
 
=== 3D Doodler ===
 
[http://www.the3doodler.com/ 3D Doodler], the original. A version 2.0 will be available in May 2005.
 
* A pen that will heat 3mm ABS plastic. Is that still true ?
* You can draw 3D "wireframes" either on a flat surface or upwards...
 
Available around nov. 2013
* [http://www.the3doodler.com/ Homepage]
* [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1351910088/3doodler-the-worlds-first-3d-printing-pen?ref=category Kickstarter page]
 
=== Lix Pen ===
 
Available in summer 2015. An light weight aluminum design
 
* http://lixpen.com/
* [https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/lix3d/lix-the-smallest-3d-printing-pen-in-the-world Kickstarter page]
* [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/04/04/3d-printing-pen-lix-pen/ Review] at 3D Printin Industry.
 
=== Freesculpt 3D Pen ===
 
* Two models: FX1-free (also known as Claudio2Go) and FX2-free
* Seems to work
* [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/05/26/better-3d-print-pen-cloudio2go/ FX1 Review]
 
=== Swiss 3D Print ===
 
* Takes ordinary 1.75mm PLA or ABS
 
* [http://swiss-3dprint.com/ home page]
* Out of stock as of feb 2015. Was it ever working ?
 
== Commercial desktop printers ==
 
These range from 20K to to several hundred K. See also above for some interesting SLA and SLS printers that have become fairly cheap.
; Technology
Commercial desktop printers use a variety of patented technology. Most are power-based, but there are also hight end filament and SLA printers.
 
; Cost
Roughly speaking, the cost of printing with commercial desktop printers is about CHF 500 / liter or kilo, i.e. around 0.5 CHF or 0.4 Euros per cm3 or grams. For example, a 4x2 standard Lego brick is about 2.5 grams and therefore should cost about a Euro. Price for solid objects like [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1216 this] depends on the filling and whether the printer can do non-solid fills.
 
=== Asiga ===
 
* The [https://www.asiga.com/ Asiga] was in 2012 on of the most compact and the cheapest UV LED printer (from $7000)
* {{quotation|The Pico’s dual build resolution (50 or 37.5 microns in X&Y) and the ability to grow parts in 1 micron increments in Z, makes the Pico ideal for high resolution applications such as dental, jewelry and hearing. When building at 50 micron layers, the Pico achieves a build speed of approximately 6mm p/hr.}} ([https://www.asiga.com/products/pico/ Pico], retrieved feb 2012.
 
=== BluePrinter ===
 
* [http://www.blueprinter.dk/ Blueprinter] (dead company/product)
 
Was an affordable 3D Printer with new Selective Heat Sintering (SHS™) technology. '''Filed bankruptcy in 2016.'''
* $13'200 (according to [http://www.3ders.org/pricecompare/3dprinters/ 3ders.org]
* SHS™ technology uses a thermal printhead as opposed to a laser in SLS machines
* The thermal printhead applies heat on layers of thermoplastic powder in the build chamber
* 160 x 200 x 140 (W x L x H)
* Printing speed: 5 mm/hour
* Layer thickness: 0.1 mm
* Uses white thermoplastic powder.
* Power-based systems like this one, don't need support structures (because of the powder)
 
It seems that the printer did work fine, but the "medium" market was not big enough for such a company to survive.
 
=== SolidModel USA ===
 
Sells objet prints plus the Solido line (don't know how they are connected to Stratasys)
 
* [http://www.solidmodelusa.com/collections/solido Solido]
 
The Solido SD300 Pro 3D Printer used polyvinylchloride that is bonded with liquid adhesive.
* Plastic sheet lamination technology
* Build size: 160mm/6.3in x 210mm/8.26in x 110mm/4.33in (xyz)
* Material colors: amber, cream, black and red
* $ 10'000
* Accuracy: 0.1mm
* Layer thickness: 0.168mm
 
[[File:Stratasys-mojo.png|200px|thumbnail|right|Mojo Desktop 3D Printer]]
=== StrataSys ===
 
Since Aug 2013 Stratasys acquired MakerBot. Quote: "MakerBot, which offers the most popular desktop 3D printers, will maintain independent operation while gaining resources to fuel innovation." [http://www.stratasys.com/ Stratasys.com], Sept. 22 2013.
 
==== UPrint / Mojo series ====
 
[http://www.stratasys.com/3d-printers/idea-series Idea Series] is the desktop line from StrataSys. The model line includes former ''Dimension'' printers.
 
; Mojo
* Mojo (mono color ivory ABS) is about $10000
* layer resolution: .007
* Can only print solid (no fill styles like honeycomb)
* Cost: $5/cubic inch, i.e. about $0.3 / cm3
* Print heads are including in so-called print packs (printing 80 cubic/inches of material), about $400
* Probably an interesting solution, if you don't print models with a lot of fill.
 
; UPrint
* UPrint SE mono color is about $14000
* UPrint Plus SE multi-color is about $19900
 
These models use [http://www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm Fused Deposition Modeling] with a 0.254mm resolution.
 
* The [http://www.hp.com/go/designjet3D HP Designjet 3D printer series] is a uPrint from StratSys (see above). We don't know if it is totally identical. It may be just a bit more expensive.
 
==== Solidscape series ====
 
* [http://www.solid-scape.com/ Solidscape]
Not sure if these are different or just somewhat rebranded from other models
 
==== Design series / Objet (formerly from [http://www.objet.com/3D-Printer/Objet_Desktop_Family/ Objet]) ====
* Uses [http://www.additive3d.com/ink_int.htm jetted photopolymer] (polyjet) technology. I.e. from 3 different color cartridges it can compose all colors like an inkjet printer
* Objet24 Personal 3D Printer
* Objet30 Desktop 3D Printer
Pricing is not known, the Objet 24 is rumoured to cost around $20000.
 
; Design series / Dimension
* Dimension 1200es: ABS, fast and large build envelope, probably fairly expensive (over 100K)
 
; Design series / Objet Eden 260V
*  255 × 252 × 200 mm tray size
* PolyJet technology
* 17 different types of materials
* Probably the one I'd like to have (over 100K)
 
; Objet 260 Connex3.
 
* 255 × 252 × 200 mm build size
* 16 microns Z layer
* 410 kg + 76 for the materials.
* Price: over 100 K
 
University of Geneva has one and it can be used by any member. The [http://cui.unige.ch/printer3D/doku.php documentation] explains how and how much it will cost:
* 1 hour = 20.- CHF
* Educational prices for materials: ABS is about 230 CHF per kilo, grey flexible "Tango" about 180 / kg, stronger Vero is 220. In addition you need cleaning materials (25CHF&kg) and support material (80CHF/kg).
 
=== 3Dsystems ===
 
* [http://printin3d.com/ 3D Systems] offers several models
 
* The Projet 1000 personal mono-color (?) printer costs around $11000.
* The ProJet™ 1500 personal 3D color printer costs around $/EUR 14500
* The VFlash entry-level monocolor costs about EUR/$ 10'000
 
These printers use Film Transfer Imaging (FTI) technology
 
In addition, you have to buy material cartridges. Dollar prices seem to be lower than Euro prices (as usual, e.g. $9900 for V-Flash mono color)
 
; Other information
 
* 3DSystems bought ZCorp (see below) on Jan 2012 and therefore is probably the industry leader as of 2012. It also owns Bits from Bytes (the maker of the RapMan) and maybe some other smaller companies.
* 3DSystems announced an end-user consumer model for spring 2002 (see the "Cube" above)
 
=== ZCorp ===
 
* The cheapest ZCorp (one of the industry leaders) model, i.e. in 2010 the "jetting" [http://www.zcorp.com/en/Products/3D-Printers/ZPrinter-150/spage.aspx ZPrinter 150] was 164 kg and costs about $15'000. The multicolor version, ZPrinter 250 was $25'000. As of 2017, model names did change and I have no idea about pricing of these ...
* As compared to Stratasys machines, ZCorp models maybe print faster and use less materials (since they are either jetting or powder agglomeration based)
* Finished parts should cost $.20 USD per cubic centimeter in materials
 
=== Others ===
 
* [http://createitreal.com/pages/products.html CreateItReal] (Denmark) will sell a [http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/product 3D printer for $3000]. (planned for 2011, but not available in oct. 2011).
 
* [http://www.mcortechnologies.com/ Matrix 3D printer] from Mcor technologies is a Laminated Object Manufacture printer, i.e. glues and cuts paper. You have to buy a package with an annual fee (e.g. £6600)
 
== Accessories ==
 
Also read [[Post processing of 3D polymer prints]]
 
'''FDM printers''''
* Glue or other materials to put on an FDM print bed (e.g. Printafix)
* Accupuncture needles to celan a nozzle (e.g. from [https://www.aprintapro.com/accessories/ here])
* A filament holder
* Cleaning filament for FDM printers
 
'''SLA/DLA printers'''
* Cleaning vats for resin (sometimes available as "cleaning station")
* Cleaning alcohol
* Paint strainers to filter resin that includes broken parts (debris)
* Lens paper (to clean glass parts)
* An UV lamp, for solidifying UV-based resin prints
 
== web services for 3D printing ==
 
There exist probably several companies who do this. Typically, online 3D printing services also include a store where users can both upload and sell designs. Some sites also offer other manufacturing and commercial services and most also provide free resources for learning how to create things
 
Note: The laser cutting and engraving services will be moved once I decide to start resources on that topic.
 
'''[http://www.shapeways.com/ Shapeways]'''
* They take STL, VRML, Collada & X3D formats with some constraints, e.g. less than 500'000 polygons, a watertight mesh, etc.
 
'''[http://www.sculpteo.com/ Sculpteo]'''
* Similar as Shapeways
 
'''[http://www.kraftwurx.com/ Kraftwurx]'''
* Your can sell your models, buy printed objects. Some models are free for download.
 
'''[http://www.ponoko.com/ Ponoko]'''
* [http://www.ponoko.com/3d-printing 3D printing] and laser cutting.
 
'''[http://www.formulor.de/en Formulor]'''
* Laser cutting service. The company also provides Illustrator, CorelDraw and Inkscape templates
 
'''[http://www.vectorealism.com/en VectoRealism]'''
* Laser cutting (very similar or same as Formulor ?)
 
'''[http://www.razorlab.co.uk/ RazorLab]'''
* Laser Cutting and engraving.


== Software and formats ==
== Software and formats ==
Line 1,138: Line 521:
# Model something or find a model
# Model something or find a model
# (Merge/adapt models)
# (Merge/adapt models)
# Translate to STL
# Translate to a printable model, e.g. STL, AMF, OBJ
# Translate to machine code
# Translate the printable model to machine code, e.g. g-code
# Print
# Print
=== 3D modeling Software and file formats ===
For more detailed information, see:
* [[Computer-aided design and manufacturing]] (CAD/CAM)
* [[3D modeling]]
* [[3D file format]]


'''File formats'''
'''File formats'''


The most popular file format is the .STL file format:  {{quotation|An STL (“Stereolithography”) file is a triangular representation of a 3-dimensional surface geometry. The surface is tessellated or broken down logically into a series of small triangles (facets). Each facet is described by a perpendicular direction and three points representing the vertices (corners) of the triangle. These data are used by a slicing algorithm to determine the cross sections of the 3-dimensional shape to be built by the fabber}} ([http://www.ennex.com/~fabbers/StL.asp The StL Format], retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)). STL files can be created with most CAD programs. [http://www.alphaprototypes.com/how-to-create-stereolithography-files.aspx Alphaprototypes] provides instructions for several popular CAD applications.
The most popular file format was and still is the .STL file format:  {{quotation|An STL (“Stereolithography”) file is a triangular representation of a 3-dimensional surface geometry. The surface is tessellated or broken down logically into a series of small triangles (facets). Each facet is described by a perpendicular direction and three points representing the vertices (corners) of the triangle. These data are used by a slicing algorithm to determine the cross sections of the 3-dimensional shape to be built by the fabber}} ([http://www.ennex.com/~fabbers/StL.asp The StL Format], retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)). STL files can be created with most CAD programs. [http://www.alphaprototypes.com/how-to-create-stereolithography-files.aspx Alphaprototypes] provides instructions for several popular CAD applications. More recent formats like [https://3mf.io/ 3MF] are more versatile and can for example include color information.


=== 3D Printing software ===
'''3D Printing software'''


We distinguish between three kinds of "printing software"  
We distinguish between three kinds of "printing software"  
* '''Preparation software''' will take a 3D model, allow you to make some adjustments (like repairing) holes, positioning and rotation and then output a clean printable format, in particular .STL files. The most popular software in that category is [[Netfabb Studio tutorial|Netfabb Studio]].
* '''Preparation software''' will take a 3D model, allow you to make some adjustments (like repairing) holes, positioning and rotation and then output a clean printable format, in particular .STL files. The most popular software in that category in the early days was [[Netfabb Studio tutorial|Netfabb Studio]] (now absorbed by Autodesk). As of 2023, most slicers include some automatic basic repair facilities.
* '''Slicer software''' will take as input an .STL model (or similar) and then produce machine code according to various parameters that you can set.
* '''Slicer software''' will take as input an .STL model (or similar) and then produce machine code according to various parameters that you can set.
* '''Control software''', can send print files to a printer and control the printer otherwise (e.g. manually move the print head, change temperature, etc.)
* '''Control software''', can send print files to a printer and control the printer otherwise (e.g. manually move the print head, change temperature, etc.)
* In principle, some software could do all
Some software can do all of these.


See: [[Slicers and user interfaces for 3D printers]]
See: [[Slicers and user interfaces for 3D printers]]
'''Special-purpose software'''
* [http://www.3dprintables.org/printables/index.php?title=STLGenerator STL Generator]
* CandyFab developed [http://wiki.candyfab.org/CandyFab_Software CandyFaboulous], written in [http://processing.org/ Processing], an open source programming language and environment for people who want to program images, animation, and interaction.


=== Related EduTechWiki articles ===
=== Related EduTechWiki articles ===


In EduTechWiki, we provide a few overviews and/or beginner's tutorials. See the category [[:category:3D printing|3D printing]]. For example:
In EduTechWiki, we did provide a few overviews and/or beginner's tutorials. '''However, most of these are not up-to-date, since there exist many better alternatives since the late 2010s.''' See the category [[:category:3D printing|3D printing]]. For example:


; Printers
; Printers
Line 1,179: Line 549:


; Modeling software
; Modeling software
* [[Computer-aided design and manufacturing]] (CAD/CAM)
*[[3D modeling]]
*[[3D file format]]
* [[OpenScad beginners tutorial]] (3D modeling with code) and [[Doblo factory]] OpenScad routines for creating DUPLO/LEGO clones
* [[OpenScad beginners tutorial]] (3D modeling with code) and [[Doblo factory]] OpenScad routines for creating DUPLO/LEGO clones
* [[Sketchup 3D printable objects tutorial]] (3D modeling with this Google tool)
* [[Sketchup 3D printable objects tutorial]] (3D modeling with this Google tool)
Line 1,190: Line 565:
* [[Netfabb engine for RepRap]] and [[Netfabb engine for fabbster build styles]]
* [[Netfabb engine for RepRap]] and [[Netfabb engine for fabbster build styles]]


== Links ==
'''3D objects can be found in various repositories'''
 
* [[3D assets]], See also the [[Fab lab]] and [[3D printers in education]] articles which also includes bibliographies or reviewed articles and books.
3D objects can be found in various repositories
'''Repositories'''
* [[3D assets]]
 
See also the [[Fab lab]] and [[3D printers in education]] articles which also includes bibliographies or reviewed articles and books.


=== Repositories ===
* See [[3D assets]]


See [[3D assets]]
== General Links ==


=== General ===
(needs updating, some links are over a decade old ....)


* [http://www.graphics.com/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=1006 Fundamentals: 3D Printing of Digital Models] at graphics.com, excerpted from [Digital] Modeling (New Riders). This article explains how a commercial "powder-based" 3D printer works.
* [http://www.graphics.com/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=1006 Fundamentals: 3D Printing of Digital Models] at graphics.com, excerpted from [Digital] Modeling (New Riders). This article explains how a commercial "powder-based" 3D printer works.
Line 1,226: Line 598:


* [http://paper.li/Adngold/1350124199 L’actu de l’Imprimante 3D], mostly in French.
* [http://paper.li/Adngold/1350124199 L’actu de l’Imprimante 3D], mostly in French.
* [http://www.primante3d.com PRIMANTE 3D], site média spécialisé dans l'impression 3D


* [http://3dprintingforbeginners.com/ 3D printing for beginners] (Blog)
* [http://3dprintingforbeginners.com/ 3D printing for beginners] (Blog)
Line 1,243: Line 616:
== Acknowledgments ==
== Acknowledgments ==


* 17 October 2011 (CEST). Bart Bakker ([http://www.fablab.nl/articles/2011/01/03/mini-fablab Mini FabLab Utrecht]) for pointing out two missing items (the Ultimaker and the Solidoodle)
* 26 November 2011 (CET). Maarten Vermaak for telling me about the Felix printer.
* 9 dec 2011. Bart Bakker told me about the Printrbot.
* Pictures are reproduced without permission. I don't think that any non-open source Maker should complain. After all, these may help selling.
* Pictures are reproduced without permission. I don't think that any non-open source Maker should complain. After all, these may help selling.


[[Category: 3D printing]]
[[Category: 3D printing]]

Latest revision as of 09:58, 11 September 2023

Introduction

This article shortly introduces 3D printers and provides some advice on selecting a printer. The original article, created many years ago, listed many printers, but I stopped upgrading systematically around 2016. The old version is still around. There are no endorsements, since I only owned a RapMan (2010), a fabbster (given away), a Creality (2015, given away), four different Felix printers (1.0, 2.2, Pro2 and Tec4.1 (I still use the latter two), a Fokoos Odin-5 F-3 (2022, bought for 200 Euros on sale) and a Creality K1 Max. I also use Prusa mini and I3 printers in our fablab.

According to Wikipedia, retrieved 11 April 2023, 3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model.[1] It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control,[2] with material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.

3D printer as geek campfire (Source:[1])

See also:

3D printing technology

The most popular 3D printing techniques are:

  • Fused deposition modeling (FDM), also called Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). A typical example of the first available low cost kit that required a few days of assembly was the RapMan. As of 2023, entry level printers are cheap (around 300 Euros) and are assembled fairly quickly. Consumer-grade quality machines cost around 1000.
  • Stereolithography (SLA): “is a form of 3-D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts in a layer by layer fashion using photopolymerization, a process by which light causes chains of molecules to link, forming polymers.[1] Those polymers then make up the body of a three-dimensional solid.” (Wikipedia, Aug. 2017). SLA machines use a laser to harden selected areas.
  • DLP (Digital Light Processing) works, like SLA, with resin. As opposed to a laser that will solidify very specific areas, a DLP printer projects an image onto the pool of resin which then hardens each layer, one at a time.
  • Selective laser sintering (SLS): “an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic, metal (direct metal laser sintering), ceramic, or glass powders into a mass that has a desired 3-dimensional shape” (Wikipedia, retrieved 14 October 2011)
  • Syringue-based systems like the early Fab@Home can print Epoxy (composites), ceramics or food and these materials are pushed down with a piston.

Most hobby 3D printers use FDM, i.e. an extruder (i.e. a kind of gun) that heats up plastic filament which is then deposited layer by layer. They can print different sorts of Polymers. In the early years, the two following plastics were popular.

  • ABS (used for Legos and car parts) is solid, but warps when printed a room temperature. I.e. it is difficult to print objects that have a larger than 4cm footprint.
  • PLA (polylactic acid) is made of starch (i.e. plants). It doesn't warp, but it was not very solid and started deforming (melting) at relatively low temperature. As of 2023, more solid PLA filaments are available.

As of 2015 a much wider range of 3D printer filaments are available, including PET-G, PET, Nylon, TPU, TPEs, and various PLA-particle composites.

Comparison chart of 3D printing technology
Type FDM / FFF SLA SLS Piston
Material rolls of various types of plastic Liquid resin Various powder (only Nylon or similar for low end machines) Anything that can be pushed down (e.g. chocolate or Epoxy resins or clay)
Durability OK (depending on type of plastic) Low High depends on the material, very little for printed food :)
Precision 0.05 mm high good
Post-processing Easy (except when dealing with support materials) Treatment is required to improve solidity Blasting is required to remove bits of loose powder
Freedom of forms No.

Somewhat if soluble support is used in dual head printer.

limited yes very limited
Heat resistance Depends on the plastic. E.g., popular PLA is starts weakening at 60 and melting at 160. PETG, and other popular plastic has a higher melting temperature. Some plastics like nylon are difficult to print but much more resistant limited good
Unit cost very low (starting at 150, a good model is about 1000) low high medium
Material cost very low to low (15-100 Euros/kg) 30-250 Euros / litre 100 - 1000 Euros / kg.

The opposite of additive manufacturing is subtractive manufacturing that takes away material from an initial form. These alternative technologies include:

  • Laser cutting, a fairly simple to use technique for creating "flat" 3D objects by cutting "sheets" like wood or plexiglass. One can create designs that involve sticking or gluing components together.
  • Milling, a process where parts of an object (e.g. a cube) are removed by drilling. For example, parts of car motors are produced like this. Milling is a fairly dangerous process, however hobbyist models that carve out from plastic or wood are safe to use in a classroom for example.

Filement printer features you should you look for

Must have features:

  • A strong extruder including a good filament intake system (you should be able to walk away from the printer and be sure that plastic is always extruded, even after 20 hours or printing). Newcomers don't often get the fact, that even a fairly small piece takes many hours to print !
  • A good board and firmware (as above, there should be no mistakes, i.e. a print head that stops moving at some point)
  • A heated platform up to 80 degrees at least
  • Ability to print 0.1mm layers accurately

Nice to have features:

  • Support for different nozzle sizes up to 0.8mm (easy changing plus useful information on supported nozzles and how to change them)
  • Support for multiple types of plastic, in particular PLA and PET-G, but also some stronger plastics like ABS or Nylon (for some, this is a must-have feature). Some people also want to print with flexible polymers, i.e. TPU or TPE. That requires a direct extruder where the motor sits on top of the nozzle (i.e. so-called Bowden extruders are not very suitable for TPU and not suitable for TPE)
  • Extrusion and printhead movement speeds as slow and as fast as possible. Typically the first layer should be printed at 10-15mm/s but prototype quality should be printable at 150mm/s.
  • A heated chamber (or at least a closed box) for printing plastics that warp, e.g. ABS.
  • Accuracy (both detail and movement) down to 0.1mm resolution if possible
  • Two print heads (for printer either two color models or designs that need support. In the latter case, there exit soluble plastics.
  • Included easy-to use printer control software
  • Support for a good machine code generation software (i.e. a slicer). Most printers work with open source slicers but the vendor should nevertheless provide some good standard settings.
  • Support for standard RepRap g-code (in order to avoid slicer software lock-in)
  • Control hardware/software that allows to pause/resume a print and to manually extract filament.
  • As many standard hardware parts as possible (this will allow for quick replacement) and allow you cope if the company goes out of business. This includes the control board.
  • Use of open source software for controlling the printer. Except for very few exceptions, opensource solutions like Repetier Host are simply better since you can still use your printer after the company and its software go out of business
  • Automated bed leveling or model correction. Adjusting the bed (1-2 sheets of paper distance from printhead to bed in every position) is something that beginners have trouble with.
  • A wide printing area (as wide as the objects you plan to print). 25x25x25 is OK as of 2023.

Comparisons

Comparing 3D printers is very very difficult for several reasons:

  • Some do better than others with respect to different sorts of objects. Do the benchmark pieces represent what you would like to print ?
  • Calibration is essential. Only a real expert can get the most out of a machine.
  • How do you weight various factors ? (Reliability, smoothness/accuracy, min. layer size, speed or less obvious stuff like does the first layer stick, warping, dealing with overhangs, stringing)
  • How do you account for the interaction between slicing software and printers, and between slicing parameters and printers ?

On of the first serious comparisons was done by Make Mag in nov 2012. One of my printers (the Felixprinter 1.0) came out ok. Nevertheless the author complained about assembly that was more difficult than expected and glitches with some delivered parts (like calibration of the stepper motors) and he is right to do that. However, why compare a non-assembled printer with assembled ones. I bought mine assembled (400 Euros extra) and it worked out of the box! In addition, the testers used default settings of the slicer software. Had they selected a different profile they would have obtained widely different results. I was able to print a test design that failed without problems. The Make Mag test was serious, but far from perfect. - Daniel K. Schneider 17:53, 22 November 2012 (CET)

Do not trust marketing hype. In any case, filament printers do have inherent flaws that no design can solve. Only trust reputable online sites (most receive something in exchange for rewiewing). Also, understand that some cheap printers start degrading after a few weeks and that others have poor quality assurance (i.e. some machines work fine but others need to repaired when you open the box).

Fast 2023 FDM machines

I am looking into these models right now and may buy one. By the end of 2022 very fast "coreXY" FDM printers did appear on the market or were announce for Q2 or Q3 of 2023. An other options are IDEX printers where two extruders can work at the same time on copied or mirrored same objects. Since Summer 2023, fast "bed slingers" like the cheap Kobra 2 from Anycubic did appear.

Since I hate waiting a full day for a moderately large bag of LEGO or DUPLO compatible bricks I am interesting in getting one of these model and would print with a 0.6mm nozzle or larger.

Some of these printers may require minor modifications, e.g. better PEI print plates (e.g. read this for the Bambu) or better nozzles. All probably require verification and some tuning after the transport.

Brand Model Cost (Euros) Print volume & (machine volume size) Propriety Extruder(s) and AMS Resolution & hot ends Max speed and flow Plate and Levelling Trouble detection & recovery Filaments Other Evaluations
AnkorMake M5 850 235x235x250 mm ? Ultradirect extruder 0.4mm nozzle, 0.1-0.35mm, 260 deg.


Optional 0.2,0.6, 0.8mm nozzles.

250mm/s standard speed. PEI-Coated Soft Magnetic Steel Camera with AI ABS, PETG, PLA, TPU Noisy,

app to view camera and pilot

Good budget printer. Not coreXY
Anycubic Kobra 2 309 250x220x220mm Direct extruder 0.4 nozzle (replaceable) 260 deg. 250 mm/s (150 recommended). Benchy in 30 minutes. Magnetic Flex plate, Auto-levelling PLA/ABS/PETG/TPU New as of June 2023
Bambu P1P 660 256 × 256 × 256 mm

(size = 386*389*458 mm)

yes Direct extruder 0.05 - 0.35 mm, all metal 0.4mm nozzle (300deg)


Benchy in 18min

PEI-coated flex plate, Lidar levelling Simple version of X1. Medium noisy,

app to view camera and pilot

Was developed as low cost version of X1. Mixed reviews
X1 Carbon 1130 (1370 AMS) 256 × 256 × 256 mm

(size=389 x 389 x 457 mm)

yes Direct extruder

Optional (wasteful and not TPU compatible) automatic materialsystem (AMS), 90 sec to change color

0.05mm, all metal 0.4mm hotend (300deg). Larger nozzles can be added with extra work only. 500 mm/s max, 250mm/s default. 32mm3/S throughput. Benchy in 16min30s PEI-coated flex plate,

Lidar leveling, 120 deg.

Spaghetti detection through camera PLA, PETG, TPU, ABS, ASA, PVA, PET Ideal for PA, PC, Carbon/ Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Noise level: about 50 (sometimes more).


Aliexpress Haldis store link for new nozzle.

App to view camera and pilot

Mostly good reviews some negative because of various problems. All proprietary is also criticized.Very (!) wasteful AMS.
Creality K1 (May 2023) 650 (without options?) 220*220*250mm

(size = 355*355*480mm, 12.5kg)

? Dual gear light-weight direct extruder (190g) 600mm/s,

flow=32mm3/s

Auto-leveling. Optional Lidar Filament sensor. Optional camera ABS, PLA, PETG, PET, TPU, PA, ABS, ASA, PC, PLA-CF, PA-CF, PET-CF none so far
K1 MAX (summer 2023) 1000 300x300x300

(size=435x462x526mm, 18kg)

? Dual gear direct extruder 0.1 to 0.35 mm with a 0.4mm nozzle. 600mm/s. 300mm/s typical (correct

Benchy in 13min)

Flexible build plate, leveling with

Lidar

AI camera, filament sensor, power-loss recovery most WIFI/USB/Ethernet none so far
Prusa MK4 900 Kit

1200 assembled (incl VAT)

250x210x220 mm

(size=500×550×400),

7 kg. Optional enclosure for 350+

no Direct drive extruder. Optional MMU quickswap 0.4mm nozzle (others on option)

0.05-0.30 mm

300 deg.

20 min benchy in test for future upgrades. PEI spring steel sheets, Mesh bed levelling with load cell censor Filament sensor, power panic. PLA, PETG, ABS, ASA, Flex, HIPS, PA, PVA, PC, PP, CPE, PVB, NGEN WIFI/Ethernet

medium noisy, silent with enclosure

none so far
XL 2500 ? (1 extruder) 360x360x360 mm

(size=800×800×900mm)

no Direct extruder (5 optional).

Hot swappable noozzles

0.05mm

(300 deg)

Mesh bed levelling Good support. Excellent reliability. Input shaping for speed printing is not available as of April 2023.
Makerbot Method 4000 to 6000 190x190x196mm.

152 x 190 x 196 (double extrusion)

yes 1-2 extruders 300deg ? ? PLA, TOUCH, NYLON, PETG. Method X supports ABS and more Expensive, Various models
Snapmaker J1 1600 300x200x200

160x200x200 (copy)

150x200x200 (mirror)

30kg

(size=490x445x443)

Independent dual extruder (IDEX).

20 seconds to change color

0.4 nozzle (300 deg) 350mm/s for 0.1 layers. 200m/s for normal layers.

(22 min for 2 mirrored benchys).

Double-sided PEI Glass Plate. no camera Most, including TPU and nylon. slient, Good quality parts. Default slicer not very good. Not as fast or large as competition. Only IDEX machine in this range.
Vivedino / Formbot Troodon 1000 300x300x400 mm (or 400x400x500 large)

(size= 600x680x610 mm, 28kg)

no Direct extruder 0.4mm easy swap nozzle (0.2. to 0.8 on option), 0.05 to 0.3mm.

270 deg

max: 500mm/s PEI coated flex bed.

BLT touch sensor (36 points)

most, including abrasives This is a kind of Voron architecture 95% assembled, requires some skills.
Voron 800 to 1500 350x350x350mm (version 2.4). Other options are 250x250x250 or 300x300x300 no Direct extruder 0.4 nozzle, 285 deg Automatic leveling with inductive probe. Voron is a design and is sold in the form of various kits. Good (best current kit), but requires expertise to assemble and get it working.

If you looking for a popular cheap machine, you could check out:

  • Creality Ender-3 S (the Pro version is more expensive, but worth it, the Plus version has more build space)
  • Artillery Sidewinder X2
  • Anycubic Kobra

You can find these in many online shops. Prices can vary greatly at times. If you are low on budget, watch out for 50% sales, e.g. around 150 to 200 Euros.

If you are looking for a reliable, a bit more costly machine (out of the Box and staying), check out:

  • Prusa mini or Prusa i3 MK3

Avoid expensive commercial brands that offer consumer machines with lesser functionality for higher prices, e.g. Makerbot Replicator.

History of consumer-grade 3D printers

Below, some consumer-grade 3D printers that made early history after 2005 where Adrian Bowyer launched the RepRap Project. Most links will be broken, since pages have been taken down or the companies went out of business.

Reprap 3D FDM printers

Prusa Mendel

RepRap, a British project, is short for Replicating Rapid-prototyper. They all can be assembled from parts bought in various places. In 2018, there were several different Reprap Designs. The classic ones plus some other earlier designs are the following:

All RepRap printers can built with spare parts available from many places. However, this requires good "bricolage" skills. For those who don't have these, there exist many commercial kits that are relatively easy to assemble and also fully assembled kits (see below).

Resources:

The CandyFab 6000 sugar-based 3D printer

Candyfab printers

Candyfab was one of coolest projects in the beginning of DYI 3D printing. It did sugar sintering.

Rapman 3.1. schema - Source: Bits from Bytes

Bits from Bytes printers

Bits from Bytes did produce and sell Reprap derivatives, in particular the RapMan v3.11 (£750 / CHF 1270) we acquired in January 2010. It was assembled by end of Feb 2010 Read the RapMan article. The company is now dead, i.e. it was absorbed by 3D systems.

  • Print area: 27 x 20.5 x 21 cm, not heated platform
  • 3mm nozzle
  • Resolution: x&y axis = 0.2mm, z axis = 0.7mm (roughly)
  • Materials: ABS (warping for bottom surfaces larger than 4-5cm), "Hard", original translucid PLA (very different from "modern" processed PLA).

The Rapman was one of the first commercial kits for the RepRap v1 and it's probably one of the most beautiful designs. Assembly was rather difficult, but very well documented. All you needed was good reading skills. It did work, but did need what we could call "RepRap printing skills". Some design elements could be improved, in particular: filament intake (extruder), portability (after transport the structure may need adjustment), heated platform.

Fab@Home version 2

Fab@Home 3D printers

Fab@Home, is marketed as "personal fabricator". As opposed to RepRap designs, Fab@Home used a syringe system and could print a large variety of materials, including silicone, cement, stainless steel, cake frosting, and cheese. Hardware designs and software on their website were open source. This printer also included a dual syringe tool for printing two materials simultaneously.

Hardware:

Resources:

Cupcake/Thing-O-Matic 3D Printer

Makerbot printers

MakerBot Industries sold other RepRap-inspired designs. Like other Reprap derivaties, their 3D printers included a plastruder and an Arduino-compatible microcontroller and worked with several kinds of plastic, e.g. ABS and HDPE (milk-jug like). The founder of this company was also involved in the RepRap research project.

  • A free design called CupCake CNC and and its current (2011) Ultimate. Makerbot will sell the parts. I don't know if there is any difference in design with respect to the Thin-O-Matic kit.
  • MakerBot Thing-O-Matic® Kit (formerly called Cupcake?)
    • Between $1225 and $1300 for the kit and à2500 fully assembled
    • 3mm extruder
    • 9.6 x 10.8cm print area

Later, this company developed closed sourced systems that became popular with institutional buyers. The company still sells expensive rather high-end machines.

MakerGear Prusa 3D Printer

Makergear

Makergear sold two kits as of oct. 2011. One is rather destinated to people who want to play with the Mendel Prusa design and maybe do creative modifications. The other, i.e. the Mosaic was more of an end-user product.

  • Prusa 3D printer kit
    • $825 for a complete kit
    • 8 x 8" Heated Build Surface PCB
    • Either 1.75mm or 3mm hot end (allowing to print either more precisely or faster). Most current printers feature a 3mm nozzle.
    • supports both ABS and PLA
  • Mosaic 3D Printer kit
    • $999
    • (Probably) fairly easy to assemble

Printrbot

Probably was one of the most popular 3D printers as of summer/fall 2012. S

  • printrbot.com
  • Open Hardware Design
  • z axis: printhead moves up (not the platform)
  • Heated platform that moves in the y axis (or x axis depending on how you look at it)
  • Cheap, i.e. between $400 (smallest, print bed not heated) and $700 (largest)
  • The large Printrbot PLUS has a 8x8in heated bed
  • Claimed to be fairly easy and quickly to assemble

Documentation:

Shaper Cube

Ultimaker

As of Oct. 2011, the Dutch Ultimaker was the favorite open source design kit. It was (comparatively) fast, could print big and was easy to assemble compared to a RapMan for example. Ultimaker focused on speedy PLA printing and contributed to make this somewhat ecological filament the most popular.

Hardware:

  • The Ultimaker 1 Kit costs EUR 1200.
    • Reprap design
    • It can print 21x21x22 cm volumes
    • USB connectivity, drivers for Win/Mac and Linux
    • 0.4mm nozzle The theoretical resolution: 0.0125 mm for the X and Y axis and better for the Z-axis. Don't know what the practical one would be.
    • User-friendly feed mechanism
    • No heated bed (?)
  • Ultimaker 2 became a very popular machine in Fablabs, because of its good design, reliability and precision.

Resources:

Web services for 3D printing

There several companies who fabricate 3D objects from models created by the public. Typically, online 3D printing services also include a store where users can both upload and sell designs. Some sites also offer other manufacturing and commercial services and most also provide free resources for learning how to create things

Software and formats

Roughly speaking, the production pipeline looks like this:

  1. Model something or find a model
  2. (Merge/adapt models)
  3. Translate to a printable model, e.g. STL, AMF, OBJ
  4. Translate the printable model to machine code, e.g. g-code
  5. Print

File formats

The most popular file format was and still is the .STL file format: “An STL (“Stereolithography”) file is a triangular representation of a 3-dimensional surface geometry. The surface is tessellated or broken down logically into a series of small triangles (facets). Each facet is described by a perpendicular direction and three points representing the vertices (corners) of the triangle. These data are used by a slicing algorithm to determine the cross sections of the 3-dimensional shape to be built by the fabber” (The StL Format, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)). STL files can be created with most CAD programs. Alphaprototypes provides instructions for several popular CAD applications. More recent formats like 3MF are more versatile and can for example include color information.

3D Printing software

We distinguish between three kinds of "printing software"

  • Preparation software will take a 3D model, allow you to make some adjustments (like repairing) holes, positioning and rotation and then output a clean printable format, in particular .STL files. The most popular software in that category in the early days was Netfabb Studio (now absorbed by Autodesk). As of 2023, most slicers include some automatic basic repair facilities.
  • Slicer software will take as input an .STL model (or similar) and then produce machine code according to various parameters that you can set.
  • Control software, can send print files to a printer and control the printer otherwise (e.g. manually move the print head, change temperature, etc.)

Some software can do all of these.

See: Slicers and user interfaces for 3D printers

Related EduTechWiki articles

In EduTechWiki, we did provide a few overviews and/or beginner's tutorials. However, most of these are not up-to-date, since there exist many better alternatives since the late 2010s. See the category 3D printing. For example:

Printers
Modeling software
Preparation and Slicing

3D objects can be found in various repositories

Repositories

General Links

(needs updating, some links are over a decade old ....)

  • 3ders.org “latest news and developments of 3D printing technology, and informations of 3D printers.”
  • 3D Printing (Explaining the Future, oct. 2011). Includes a review of both commercial and open source printers.

On wikipedia

Acknowledgments

  • Pictures are reproduced without permission. I don't think that any non-open source Maker should complain. After all, these may help selling.
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