Physicalisation de données
Data physicalizations or physical visualizations are data-driven physical artefacts. They are the physical counterparts of data visualizations. Such artefacts may involve the use of computers, either to fabricate them or to actuate them. A closely related term is data sculpture.
Terminologie
Visualisation physique
Le terme "visualisation physique" ("physical visualization" ) est apparu dans la littérature de visualisation de l'information vers 2008. The term appeared in the information visualization literature around 2008 [1][2]. According to Jansen et al. (2013):
- "Traditional visualizations map data to pixels or ink, whereas physical visualizations map data to physical form." [3]
Physicalisation de données
Jansen et al. (2015) introduisent le terme "data physicalization" comme synonyme de visualisation physique quand on ne veut pas trop insister sur le sens visuel:
- "A data physicalization (or simply physicalization) is a physical artifact whose geometry or material properties encode data." [4]
Les mêmes auteurs font la distinction entre (a) la matérialisation des données en tant qu’artefacts (pour laquelle ils suggèrent la définition ci-dessus), (b) la physicalisation des données en tant que processus qui donne une forme matérielle aux données, et la physicalisation de données en tant que domaine de recherche qui marie visualisation de données (infovis) avec les interfaces utilisateurs tangibles:
- "We propose to think of Data Physicalization as a research area that examines how computer-supported, physical representations of data (i.e., physicalizations), can support cognition, communication, learning, problem solving, and decision making." [4]
Objet de données
Gwilt et al. (2012) coined the term "data-object" to refer to "physical artefacts based on data extracted from statistical digital information systems." [5]
Sculpture de données
The term "data sculpture" probably first appeared around 2005 [6], gained traction in 2008 and became popular around 2014 [7]. Data sculptures generally refer to artistic data physicalizations. According to Zhao and Vande Moere (2008), a data sculpture is:
- "a data-based physical artifact, possessing both artistic and functional qualities, that aims to augment a nearby audience’s understanding of data insights and any socially relevant issues that underlie it." [2]
For artist Loren Madsen (2015), a data sculpture is:
- "three-dimensional data art", i.e., "art whose form in large part is determined by data or information." [8]
As for Jansen et al. (2015), they refer to data sculptures as:
- "data-driven artifacts [...] built by artists and designers who seek to elicit emotions and convey meaning beyond mere data" [4]
Kinetic Sculpture
Data sculptures, like regular sculptures, are typically static. Kinetic sculptures are dynamic, but do not necessarily show data. However, there exist several examples of kinetic data sculptures.
References
- ↑ Andrew Vande Moere. Beyond the tyranny of the pixel: Exploring the physicality of information visualization Information Visualisation, 2008. IV'08.
- ↑ 2,0 et 2,1 Jack Zhao, Andrew Vande Moere. Embodiment in data sculpture: a model of the physical visualization of information DIMEA '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts, pages 343-350. ACM, 2008.
- ↑ Yvonne Jansen, Pierre Dragicevic, Jean-Daniel Fekete. Evaluating the efficiency of physical visualizations. CHI2013 – Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 2593- 2602. ACM, 2013.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 et 4,2 Yvonne Jansen, Pierre Dragicevic, Petra Isenberg, Jason Alexander, Abhijit Karnik, Johan Kildal, Sriram Subramanian, Kasper Hornbæk. Opportunities and Challenges for Data Physicalization. CHI 2015 - Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2015.
- ↑ Ian Gwilt, Yoxall Alaster, and Sano Koutaro. Enhancing the Understanding of Statistical Data Through the Creation of Physical Objects. DS 73-1 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Design Creativity Volume 1. 2012.
- ↑ Andrew Vande Moere. email erosion infosthetics.com (blog post). August 2005.
- ↑ Pierre Dragicevic. Popularity of data physicalization terms (online). April 2017.
- ↑ Pierre Dragicevic. Interview with Loren Madsen: The Birth of Data Sculpture. Online: http://dataphys.org/list/loren-madsen-interview. 2015.
Remerciements
La première version de cette page a repris entièrement l'article Terminology. Certaines phrases ont été traduits en français par nos soins.
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