Bricolage or evolutionary design

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"Bricolage” or evolutionary approach to designing

«Often we will mainly consider the design as it emerges progressively over time. Indeed “Sociologists and anthropologists demonstrated that in scientific laboratories, there is a time-honoured tradition of tinkering first and creating formal rationalizations later. »» (Turkle & Papert, 1991) This type of designing has been named bricolage by (Turkle, 1995) and others. Although we use the word to refer to an object : the system in which teaching and learning occurs, it is used here to refer to the process of inventing or refining new systems. « Design is not, to use an analogy, simply following a recipe. For a great cook, cooking is not about a teaspoon of salt and a pinch of cumin. Instead, it is an active process of taking action (putting some salt in the soup), reflecting on that action (tasting the soup), locally evaluating the next step to take (perhaps a pinch of cumin), and continuing the reflection-in-action cycle. Design is not something to be done from a distance; it demands getting your hands dirty: trying things out, taking a small step in one direction, evaluating where you are, perhaps backtracking, moving on, etc. In the complex domain of learning, this is even more the case.» (Rick & Lamberty, 2004)

However, if in English the French word bricoleur is used to describe this style of design, in French it has a slightly negative connotation (unfinished, not very resistant,…) and we believe many biologists would feel more comfortable with the metaphor of an evolutionary process. Complex and highly adapted systems evolve from simple and rather crude designs through numerous iterative cycles of confrontation of the system to its environment. As a consequence the focus is therefore not so much on the quality or weaknesses of the initial design, but on the tight analysis of adequateness and repeated adapting of the design. «[...] They tend to try one thing, step back, reconsider, and try another. For planners, mistakes are steps in the wrong direction; bricoleurs navigate through midcourse corrections. Bricoleurs approach problem-solving by entering into a conversation with their work materials that has more the flavor of a conversation than a monologue. »(Turkle & Papert, 1991) From this evolutionary perspective comes also a perception that any successful design is not final but a dynamic state perpetually needing to change (adapt) as the environment in which the design is applied varies. The class is seen as a dynamic system where the students, the teacher and the whole setup interact in complex and difficult to predict fashion (Huberman, 1986). The numerous changes that happen by planned decision or by the unexpected circumstances of social interactions and instant decisions during the teaching result in numerous variations around the initial planned design. In reference to natural selection -the process by which organisms adapt to their environment- these variations will be selected against or favored in the next iteration of the design. Also what a biologist calls the selection factors (i.e. the factors influencing the probability of any given component of the design to be reproduced unchanged in the next iteration) are of course critical. So identifying and clarifying the aims of the design helps a lot, in steering the evolution of the design towards better results along those criteria. Especially since the teacher will be acting under pressure and mostly intuitively (according to his habitus in (Perrenoud 1994 ) 's sense ) (Huberman, 1986). So clearly identifying the goals of the design helps to select the appropriate changes when they happen, and to select against the changes that are not adaptive.

Perrenoud 1983 argues that teaching is always a trade-off between planning and bricolage [La planification des activités comme bricolage]

«" Le bricoleur est apte à exécuter un grand nombre de tâches diversifiées ; mais, à la différence de l'ingénieur, il ne subordonne pas chacune d'entre elles à l'obtention de matières premières et d'outils, conçus et procurés à la mesure de son projet : son univers instrumental est clos, et la règle de son jeu est de toujours s'arranger avec les ‘moyens du bord’, c'est-à-dire un ensemble à chaque instant fini d'outils et de matériaux, hétéroclites au surplus, parce que la composition de l'ensemble n'est pas en rapport avec le projet du moment, ni d'ailleurs avec aucun projet particulier, mais est le résultat contingent de toutes les occasions qui se sont présentées de renouveler ou d'enrichir le stock, ou de l'entretenir avec le résidus de constructions et de destructions antérieures (...) les éléments sont recueillis ou conservés en vertu du principe que ça peut toujours servir’. De tels éléments sont donc à demi particularisés : suffisamment pour que le bricoleur n'ait pas besoin de l'équipement et du savoir de tous les corps d'état ; mais pas assez pour que chaque élément soit astreint à un emploi précis et déterminé "» (Lévi-Strauss, 1962, p. 27).

«" Regardons-le à l'œuvre ; excité par son projet, sa première démarche pratique est pourtant rétrospective : il doit se retourner vers un ensemble déjà constitué, formé d'outils et de matériaux ; en faire ou en refaire l'inventaire ; enfin, et surtout, engager avec lui une sorte de dialogue, pour répertorier, avant de choisir entre elles, les réponses possibles que l'ensemble peut offrir au problème qu'il lui pose. Tous ces objets hétéroclites qui constituent son trésor, il les interroge pour comprendre ce que chacun d'eux pourrait ‘signifier’, contribuant ainsi à définir un ensemble à réaliser "» (Lévi-Strauss, 1962, p. 28).

références

• Lévi-Strauss. (1962). La pensée sauvage. Paris: Plon.
• Perrenoud, P. (1994). La formation des enseignants entre théorie et pratique. Paris: L'Harmattan.
• Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the Screen. Identity in the Age of the Age of Internet. . New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Turkle, S., & Papert, S. (1991). Epistemological pluralism and the revaluation of the concrete. . In I. Harel & S. Papert (Eds.), Constructionism (pp. 161-191): Ablex Publishing Corporation.
• Huberman, M. (1986). Répertoires, recettes et vie de classe : comment les enseignants utilisent les informations. In M. Crahay & L. D. (Eds.), L’art et la science de l’enseignement. (Vol. 2, pp. 151- 185). Bruxelles: De Boeck.

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