Guideline editoriel

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Afin de conserver a ce wiki sa cohérence, voici quelques règles de base qui peuvent vous aider 


Adaptation des règles de style du wikipédia
en cours ....


Les nouveaux articles

  • Ne pas créer de page sans la mettre en lien avec une autre page.Une page wiki sans lien est perdue
  • Pour nommer les pages, la première lettre est automatiquement mise en majuscule et les espaces transformés en underscores par le wiki (ce que l'utilisateur ne voit pas forcément)


Les liens

  • Ne pas mettre de liens dans les sous-titre, les titres de sections,...
  • Nommer les liens, qu'ils soient internes ou externes.
  • Le wiki est un hypertexte, il est donc bon de mettre un maximum en lien les pages qui doivent l'être par l'intermédiaires de mots clés qui les lient.


Les titres

  • Utiliser les == (deux symboles égal)pour faire les titres et non pas la triple apostrophe qui met en gras.
  • On commence avec "==", puis le titre, puis "==" pour fermer.
  • Mettre uniquement la première lettre d'un titre en majscule, et laisser toutes les autres en minuscules, sauf si l'on a affaire à un nom propre
  • Eviter les liens dans les titres. A la place, répétez le titre en première phrase et mettez celle-ci en lien.
  • Eviter d'abuser des sous-titres
  • Eviter les déterminants (Le, La, Les,...) dans les titre.
  • Eviter les répétitions du nom de l'article dans les titres.
  • Et tant que possible, éviter de modifier les titres, car d'autres articles y font peut-être référence (cela faut pour le nom de l'article comme pour les titres qui le compose).


Majuscules

  • Eviter d'utiliser des majuscules pour appuyer l'effet de la phrase, préférez l'italique


Italique

  • Utiliser la double apostrophe '' pour faire de l'italique: ''This is italic.'' devient This is italic.
  • L'italique est utilisé pour appuyer, mettre l'accent sur certains mots. Il faut donc l'utiliser avec modération
  • Mais on utilise également pour comparer des mots, mot à mot, ou des lettres.
    • écrire se dit aussi rédiger.
    • La lettre la plus utilisée en français est le e.


Loan words

Wikipedia prefers italics for phrases in other languages and for isolated foreign words that do not yet have common use in the English language. Use anglicized spellings for such words, or use the native spellings if they use the Latin alphabet (with or without diacritics). For example, "Reading and writing in Japanese requires familiarity with hiragana, katakana, kanji, and sometimes rōmaji." Foreign words or phrases that have common use in the English language, however—praetor, Gestapo, samurai, esprit de corps—do not require italicization. If looking for a good rule of thumb, do not italicize words that appear in an English-language dictionary. Per the guide to writing better Wikipedia articles, use foreign words sparingly and include native spellings in non-Latin scripts in parentheses.

Quotations

There is normally no need to put quotations in italics unless the material would otherwise call for italics (emphasis, use of non-English words, etc.). Indicate whether using the italics in the original text or whether they were added later. For example:

Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest!
(emphasis added)

Punctuation

In most cases, simply follow the usual rules of English punctuation. A few points where Wikipedia may differ from usual usage follow.

Quotation marks

With quotation marks we split the difference between American and British usage. Though not a rigid rule, we use the "double quotes" for most quotations—they are easier to read on the screen—and use 'single quotes' for nesting quotations, that is, "quotations 'within' quotations".

Note: if a word or phrase appears in an article with single quotes, such as 'abcd', the Wikipedia:Searching facility considers the single quotes to be part of the word and will find that word or phrase only if the search string is also within single quotes. (When trying this out with the example mentioned, remember that this article is in the Wikipedia namespace.) Avoiding this complication is an additional reason to use double quotes, for which the difficulty does not arise. It may even be a reason to use double quotes for quotations within quotations.

When punctuating quoted passages, include the punctuation mark inside the quotation marks only if the sense of the punctuation mark is part of the quotation ("logical" quotations). When using "scare quotes", the comma always goes outside.

Examples:

Arthur said the situation was "deplorable". (The full stop [period] is not part of the quotation.)
Arthur said, "The situation is deplorable." (The full sentence is quoted; the period is part of the quotation.)
Arthur said that the situation "was the most deplorable he had seen in years." (Although the full sentence is not quoted, the sense of finality conveyed by the period is part of the quotation.)
Martha asked, "Are you coming?" (Inside when quoting a question.)
Did Martha say, "Come with me"? (Outside when there is a non-interrogative quotation at the end of a question.)

Longer quotations may be better rendered in an indented style by starting the first line with a colon or by using <blockquote> </blockquote> notation, which indents both left and right margins. Indented quotations do not need to be marked by quotation marks. Double quotation marks belong at the beginning of each paragraph in a quotation of multiple paragraphs not using indented style, though at the end of only the last paragraph.

Use quotation marks or indentations to distinguish quotations from other text. There is normally no need to put quotations in italics unless the material would otherwise call for italics (emphasis, use of non-English words, etc.).

Look of quotation marks and apostrophes

There are two options when considering the look of the quotation marks themselves:

As there is currently no consensus on which should be preferred, either is acceptable. However, it appears that historically the majority of Wikipedia articles, and those on the internet as a whole, follow the latter style. If curved quotation marks or apostrophes appear in article titles, ensure that there is a redirect with straight glyphs.

Never use grave and acute accents or backticks (`text´) as quotation marks or apostrophes.

Use of punctuation in presence of brackets/parentheses

Punctuation goes where it belongs logically; that is, it goes with the text to which it belongs. A sentence wholly inside brackets will have its punctuation inside the brackets. (As shown here, this applies to all punctuation in the sentence.) If a sentence ends with a clause in brackets, the final punctuation stays outside the brackets (as shown here). This applies to square "[ ]" as well as round "( )" brackets (parentheses).

Serial commas

The serial comma (also known as the Oxford comma or Harvard comma) is a comma used immediately before a conjunction in a list of three or more items. The phrase "ham, chips, and eggs" is written with a serial comma, but "ham, chips and eggs" is not. Sometimes omitting the comma can lead to an ambiguous sentence, as in this example: "The author would like to thank her parents, Sinéad O'Connor and President Bush." In such cases, there are three options for avoiding ambiguity:

  • A serial comma can be used to avoid ambiguity.
  • The sentence can be recast to avoid listing the items in an ambiguous manner.
  • The items in the list can be presented using a formatted list.

If the presence of the final serial comma does not affect ambiguity of the sentence (as in most cases), there is no Wikipedia consensus on whether it should be used.

Some style authorities support a mandatory final serial comma. These include Fowler's Modern English Usage (Brit.), the Chicago Manual of Style (Amer.), and Strunk and White's Elements of Style (Amer.). Others recommend avoiding it where possible; these include The Times (Brit.) and The Economist (Brit.).

Proponents of the serial comma, such as The Elements of Style, cite its disambiguating function and consistency as reasons for its use. Opponents consider it extraneous in situations where it is not explicitly resolving ambiguity. Most non-journalistic style guides recommend its use, while most newspaper style guides discourage its use; Wikipedia currently has no consensus.

By common convention, and by consensus of the Trains wikiproject, the serial comma should never be employed when specifying the name of a railroad or railway. For example, "Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad", not "Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis Railroad".

Colons

Colons ( : ) should not have spaces before them:

  • He attempted it in two years: 1941 and 1943 (correct)
  • He attempted it in two years : 1941 and 1943 (incorrect)

Dashes

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Spaces after the end of a sentence

There are no guidelines on whether to use one or two spaces after the end of a sentence, but it is not important as the difference shows up only in the edit box. See Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style archive (spaces after the end of a sentence) for a discussion on this.

Contractions

In general, formal writing is preferred. Therefore, avoid the use of contractions — such as don't, can't, won't, would've, they'd, and so on — unless they occur in a quotation.

Slashes

Avoid joining two words by a slash, as it suggests that they are related, but does not say how. Spell it out to avoid ambiguities. Also, the construct and/or is not useful outside of legalese. Natural language and and or are flexible; chose one or the other.

Acronyms and abbreviations

Modèle:Main Do not assume that your reader is familiar with the acronym or abbreviation you are using. The standard writing style is to spell out the acronym or abbreviation on the first reference (wikilinked if appropriate) and then show the acronym or abbreviation after it. This signals to readers to look out for it later in the text and makes it easy for them to refer back to it. For example:

The New Democratic Party (NDP) won the 1990 Ontario election with a significant majority. The NDP quickly became unpopular with the voters, however…

It can also be helpful in a longer article to spell out the acronym or abbreviation for the reader again or to rewikify it if it has not been used for a while.

When abbreviating United States, please use "U.S."; that is the more common style in that country. When referring to the United States in a long abbreviation (USA, USN, USAF), periods should not be used. When including the United States in a list of countries, do not abbreviate the "United States" (for example, "France and the United States", not "France and the U.S.").

Pronunciation

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Scientific style

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Sections

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Simple tabulation

Any line that starts with a blank space becomes a fixed font width and can be used for simple tabulation. 

foo     bar     baz
alpha   beta  gamma

A line that starts with a blank space with nothing else on it forms a blank line.

Usage and spelling

Usage

  • Possessives of singular nouns ending in s may be formed with or without an additional s. Either form is generally acceptable within Wikipedia. However, if either form is much more common for a particular word or phrase, follow that form, such as with "Achilles' heel".
  • Abbreviations of Latin terms like "i.e.", "e.g.", or "n.b." should be avoided and English terms such as "that is", "for example", or "note" used instead.
  • If a word or phrase is generally regarded as correct, then prefer it to any other word or phrase that might be regarded as incorrect. For example, "other meaning" should be used instead of "alternate meaning", since alternate only means "alternating" in British English (and also according to the American Heritage Dictionary).
  • Use an unambiguous word or phrase in preference to an ambiguous one. For example, "other meaning" should be used instead of "alternative meaning", since alternative commonly suggests "nontraditional" or "out-of-the-mainstream" to an American-English speaker.

Avoid self-referential pronouns

Wikipedia articles must not be based on one person's opinions or experiences. Thus, "I" can never be used except, of course, when it appears in a quotation. For similar reasons, avoid the use of "we" and "one." A sentence such as "We/One should note that some critics have argued in favor of the proposal" sounds more personal than encyclopedic.

Nevertheless, it might sometimes be appropriate to use "we" or "one" when referring to an experience that anyone, any reader, would be expected to have, such as general perceptual experiences. For example, although it might be best to write, "When most people open their eyes, they see something", it is still legitimate to write, "When we open our eyes, we see something", and it is certainly better than using the passive voice: "When the eyes are opened, something is seen".

It is also acceptable to use "we" in mathematical derivations; for example: "To normalize the wavefunction, we need to find the value of the arbitrary constant A."

Avoid the second person

Use of the second person ("you") is discouraged. This is to keep an encyclopedic tone and also to help clarify the sentence. Instead, refer to the subject of the sentence, for example:

  • "When a player moves past 'go', that player collects $200."
    • Or: "Players passing 'go' collect $200."
  • Not: "When you move past 'go', you collect $200."

This does not apply to quoted text, which should be quoted exactly.

National varieties of English

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Cultural clashes over grammar, spelling, and capitalisation/capitalization are a common experience on Wikipedia. Remember that millions of people have been taught to use a different form of English from yours, including different spellings, grammatical constructions, and punctuation. For the English Wikipedia, while a nationally predominant form should be used, there is no preference among the major national varieties of English. However, there is certain etiquette generally accepted on Wikipedia, summarized here:

  • Articles should use the same dialect throughout.
  • If an article's subject has a strong tie to a specific region/dialect, it should use that dialect.
  • If there's no strong tie, try to find synonyms that can be used in any dialect.
  • If no such words can be agreed upon, the dialect of the first significant contributor (not a stub) should be used.

The special cases are clarified in the following guidelines. They are roughly in order; guidelines earlier in this list will usually take precedence over guidelines later:

  • Proper names should retain their original spellings, for example, United States Department of Defense and Australian Defence Force.
  • Each article should have uniform spelling and not a haphazard mix of different spellings, which can be jarring to the reader. For example, do not use center in one place and centre in another in the same article (except in quotations or for comparison purposes).
  • Articles that focus on a topic specific to a particular English-speaking country should generally conform to the spelling of that country. For example:
  • If the spelling appears in an article name, you should make a redirect page to accommodate the other variant, as with Artefact and Artifact, or if possible and reasonable, a neutral word might be chosen as with Glasses.
  • Words with multiple spellings: In choosing words or expressions, there may be value in selecting one that does not have multiple spellings if there are synonyms that are otherwise equally suitable. In extreme cases of conflicting names, a contrived substitute (such as fixed-wing aircraft) is acceptable.
  • If an article is predominantly written in one type of English, aim to conform to that type rather than provoking conflict by changing to another. (Sometimes, this can happen quite innocently, so please do not be too quick to make accusations!)
  • Consult Wikipedia articles such as English plural and American and British English differences.
  • The English texts of treaties that are signed by both the United Kingdom and the United States use British English usage and spelling by convention.
  • If all else fails, consider following the spelling style preferred by the first major contributor (that is, not a stub) to the article.

Finally, in the event of conflicts on this issue, please remember that if the use of your preferred version of English seems like a matter of great national pride to you, the differences are actually relatively minor when you consider the many users who are not native English speakers at all and yet make significant contributions to the English-language Wikipedia, or how small the differences between national varieties are compared with other languages. There are many more productive and enjoyable ways to participate than worrying and fighting about which version of English to use on any particular page.

Currency

When including a price or currency, only include one. This should be the currency that fits best for that article. An incorrect example:

The object costs 300USD (160GBP, 280EURO).

This would be incorrect as there is no need to include multiple currencies. Also, as exchange rates vary with time, these figures will not remain correct.

However, if the figures are there in order to show a geographical variation in the amount (such as the cost of an item at release in different countries), then it can be included as such:

The object was released in the USA for $10, in the UK for £10 and in the rest of Europe for €12.

Pictures

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Articles with a single picture are encouraged to have that picture at the top of the article, right-aligned, but this is not a hard-and-fast rule. Portraits with the head looking to the right should be left-aligned (looking into the article).

The current image markup language is more or less this: 

[[Image:picture.jpg|120px|right|thumb|Insert caption here]]

Captions

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Photos and other graphics should have captions unless they are "self-captioning", as in reproductions of album or book covers, or when the graphic is an unambiguous depiction of the subject of the article. For example, in a biography article, a caption is not needed for a portrait of the subject pictured alone; however, most entries use the name of the subject and the birth and death years and an approximation of the date when the image was taken: "John Smith (1812–95) circa 1880" or "John Smith (1812–95) on January 12, 1880 in Paris". If the caption is a single sentence or a sentence fragment, it does not get a period at the end. If the caption contains more than one sentence, then each sentence should get a period at the end. Captions should not be italicized unless they are book titles or related material. The caption always starts with a capital letter. Remember the full information concerning the image is contained in the image entry, so people looking for more information can click on the photo to see the full details.

Bulleted items

The following are rules for using lists of bulleted items:

  • When using complete sentences, always use punctuation and a period at the end.
  • Incomplete sentences don't need terminal punctuation.
  • Do not mix sentence styles; use all complete sentences, or use all sentence fragments.
  • Each entry begins with a capital letter, even if it is a sentence fragment.

Identity

This is perhaps one area where Wikipedians' flexibility and plurality are an asset, and where one would not wish all pages to look exactly alike. Wikipedia's neutral point of view and no original research policies always take precedence. However, here are some nonbinding guidelines that may help:

  • Where known, use terminology that subjects use for themselves (self-identification). This can mean using the term an individual uses for himself/herself, or using the term a group most widely uses for itself. This includes referring to transgender individuals according to the name and pronoun they use to identify themselves.
  • Use specific terminology: People from Ethiopia (a country in Africa) should be described as Ethiopian, not African.
  • However, a more general name will often prove to be more neutral or more accurate. For example, a List of African-American composers is acceptable, though a List of composers of African descent may be more useful.
  • If possible, terms used to describe people should be given in such a way that they qualify other nouns. Thus, black people, not blacks; gay people, not gays; and so forth.
  • Do not assume that any one term is the most inclusive or accurate.
  • The term Arab refers to people and things of ethnic Arab origin. The term Arabic refers to the Arabic language or writing system (and related concepts). For example, "Not all Arab people write or converse in Arabic, but nearly all are familiar with Arabic numerals."

Wikilinking

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Make only links relevant to the context. It is not useful and can be very distracting to mark all possible words as hyperlinks. Links should add to the user's experience; they should not detract from it by making the article harder to read. A high density of links can draw attention away from the high-value links that you would like your readers to follow up. Redundant links clutter up the page and make future maintenance harder. A link is the equivalent of a footnote in a print medium. Imagine if every second word in an encyclopedia article were followed by "(see:)". Hence, the links should not be so numerous as to make the article harder to read.

Not every year listed in an article needs to be wikilinked. Ask yourself: will clicking on the year bring any useful information to the reader?

Do, however, wikilink years, using the [[As of XXXX]] form, when they refer to information that was current at the time of writing; this allows other editors to ensure that articles are kept up to date as time passes. Dates including a month and day should also be linked in order for user preferences on date formatting to work properly. Modèle:See also

Check links after they are wikified to make sure they direct to the correct concept; many dictionary words lead to disambiguation pages and not to complete articles on a concept.

Miscellaneous notes

When all else fails

If this page does not specify which usage is preferred, use other resources, such as The Chicago Manual of Style (from the University of Chicago Press) or Fowler's Modern English Usage (3rd edition) (from the Oxford University Press). Also, please feel free to carry on a discussion on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style, especially for substantive changes.

Even simpler is to look at an article that you like and open it for editing to see how the writers and editors have put it together. You can then close the window without saving changes if you like, but look around while you are there. Almost every article can be improved.

Keep markup simple

Use the simplest markup to display information in a useful and comprehensible way. Markup may appear differently in different browsers. Use HTML and CSS markup sparingly and only with good reason. Minimizing markup in entries allows easier editing.

In particular, do not use the CSS float or line-height properties because they break rendering on some browsers when large fonts are used.

Formatting issues

Formatting issues such as font size, blank space and color are issues for the Wikipedia site-wide style sheet and should not be dealt with in articles except in special cases. If you absolutely must specify a font size, use a relative size, that is, font-size: 80%; not an absolute size, for example, font-size: 4pt.

Using color alone to convey information should not be done, but if necessary, try to choose colors that are unambiguous when viewed by a person with color blindness. In general, this means that red and green should not both be used. Viewing the page with Vischeck can help with deciding if the colors should be altered. It is acceptable to use color as an aid, but the information should still be equally accessible without it.

Make comments invisible

Avoid highlighting that the article is incomplete and in need of further work.

Similarly, there is little benefit to the reader in seeing headings and tables without content.

If you want to communicate with other potential editors, make comments invisible to the ordinary article reader. To do so, enclose the text which you intend to be read only by editors within <!-- and -->.

For example, the following:

hello <!-- This is a comment. --> world

is displayed as:

hello world

So the comment can be seen when viewing the HTML or wiki source.

Legibility

Consider the legibility of what you are writing. Make your entry easy to read on a screen. Make judicious use of devices such as bulleted lists and bolding. For more on this, see "How Users Read on the Web" by Jakob Nielsen.

External links

Links to articles outside of Wikipedia appear as internal footnotes and can appear in a list at the bottom of the article. They should not appear as their native URLs, but should be formatted to describe the website and the topic. Not written as: See link for an examination of evidence supporting both sides of the argument [http://www.nellgavin.com/boleyn_links/boleynhandwriting.htm]. But should be written as: [http://www.nellgavin.com/boleyn_links/boleynhandwriting.htm Anne Boleyn handwriting] . When wikified, it will appear as: Anne Boleyn handwriting.

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