Informal learning
Introduction
- The reality of living nowadays changes quicker and more frequently than in the past. Technology keeps offering new tools in order to simplify our lives. Nevertheless, teaching strategies are out of step with the times and students cannot adapt their learning to fit today’s complex work environment.
- Although the formal forms of instruction such as lessons in class and the emerging e-learning techniques will be still used for many years it is becoming always more important to pay attention to the more informal methodologies that students are using.
- The reasons why informal learning is becoming so popular have to do with immediacy and relevancy. Informal methods of learning are often found right in the work environment as they are seen as techniques that a learner can take advantage of right away and with immediate application to their job. Another reason consists in the fact that learners can drive their learning in a more meaningful and self-directed manner. (Bob Mosher, 2004)
Definition
- Informal learning can be defined as a particular way of learning outside a dedicated environment which arises from the activities and interests of individuals and groups. After having identify and selected interests expressed by learners, informal-learning activities (discussion, talks or presentations, information, advice and guidance are )are carried out in a flexible and informal way, in informal community locations. (Informal Learning)
- According to M. Conner, "Informal learning accounts for over 75% of the learning taking place in organizations today. Often, the most valuable learning takes place serendipitously, by random chance."
M. Conner carries on explaining that Informal learning is a lifelong process through which people acquire attitudes, values, skills and knowledge mainly from daily experiences, such as those between neighbours, from work and play, from various kind of interactions and from the mass media. Thus, it is apparent that informal learning is rather related to incidental learning. (Marcia L. Conner)
- According to Mark K. Smith [1] , Informal education is based on conversation, exploring and enlarging experiences which can take place in any setting.
What is informal learning?
According to Hawkings (2004), “it is far too simplistic to assume that learning is either formal or informal. At the very least, both learner affiliations and teaching/learning activities may each be divided into formal and informal, providing a two-by-two matrixone”:
| Activity | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Affiliations | formal | informal | |
| formal | Lectures for groups of students | Free-choice exploration of exhibits | |
| informal | Adult education courses | Interactions with gallery characters | |
Table 2.1 Simple analysis of formal/informal learning in museums (Hawkings, 2004).
According to Conner “most learning happens through processes not structured or sponsored by an employer or a school.” Informal learning is the term she uses to describe what happens the rest of the time. Conner differentiates between formal and informal and simplifies what is learned intentionally and what is learned accidentally.
The scheme above sums the distinctions between formal, informal, and non-formal up. These concepts were first developed in the 1950s by people working in the area of international development.
- Formal learning refers to the school system hierarchically structured; it runs from primary school through the university and organized school-like programs created in business for technical and professional training.
- Informal learning describes a lifelong process whereby individuals acquire attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his or her environment, from family and neighbors, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media.
- Intentional learning is the process whereby an individual aims to learn something and goes about achieving that objective.
- Accidental learning happens when an individual learns something by chance, without having planned or expected it.
- Non-formal learning comprise any kind of organized educational activity outside the formal system whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity intended to serve identifiable learning objectives.” (Conner, 2004)
Literature on Informal Learning
There are many forms discussed in the literature. Below are related articles:
- Knowledge management
- Mentoring
- Incidental learning
- Museum learning
- On the spot learning
- What happens in a community of practice, community of interest etc.
- What happens in informal teacher development
Research
There are several organizations that have studied informal learning and here it is worth pointing at least two of them:
- The Teaching Firm: Where Productive Work and Learning Converge was a landmark 1998 study on workplace learning by Education Development Center (EDC) in Newton, Massachusetts. Based on research conducted at seven manufacturing companies, the EDC study found that informal learning takes place spontaneously and continuously, not just in times of crisis, but in the course of everyday activities and routine procedures.
- The June 10, 2004 Economics Group (LEG) featured a presentation by Jeff Kelley. He referred to some of the research that he and Ted Kahn did on informal learning when they ran CapWorks.
Links
References
For now, please consult more specialized articles (e.g. follow links of various types of informal learning).
- Conner, M. L. "Informal Learning" Ageless Learner, 1997-2005. . Good article with pointers.
- Cross J., (2003), Learning – the other 80%
- Hawkings, Roy (2004), Learning with Digital Technologies in Museums,Science Centres and Galleries, Futurelab SERIES, Report 9. HTML
- Jeffs, T. and Smith, M. K. (1996) Informal Education. Conversation, democracy and learning, Ticknall: Education Now.
- Mark K. Smith, Introducing informal education, (Short introduction)
- Mark K. Smith, practicing informal education, (A list of scenarios)