DITA

Definition

• DITA is an XML [[document standard] (vocabulary) for authoring modular text.

• “The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is an XML-based, end-to-end architecture for authoring, producing, and delivering technical information. This architecture consists of a set of design principles for creating "information-typed" modules at a topic level and for using that content in delivery modes such as online help and product support portals on the Web.” (Introduction to the Darwin Information Typing Architecture, retrieved DSchneider).

Dita was originally developed at IBM by Don R. Day, Michael Priestley and others. It now is a OASIS standard. Its general architecture may be quite interesting for educational sites, because it (1) accomodates for topic-oriented organization and reuse (as opposed to long documents), (2) allows specialization and (3) therefore supports semantic markup (as opposed to Docbook which is typographic basically).

DITA in education

DSchneider believes that DITA could play a role in education.

Here are three use case examples:

Pedagogical knowledge management

• Educators and communities of practice are sometimes engaged in knowledge management tasks and thus constitute a knowledge-building community. In addition, there exist many structures financed to provide educators and other experts with structure information. Here are a few examples:
• pedagogical scenarios
• Smaller learning activities
• Lesson plans
• Feature lists of various technologies (as different as for example microworlds, LMSs, cognitive tools
• Websites like this wiki (e.g. pages that describe theories, concepts, methods, technology, etc.) and that are interlinked and categorized.

Searching

This kind of information is characterized by being structured and it would be niced if it could be searched by "kinds of information". In theory this could be implemented with SQL. However, our experience shows that building SQL tables for each kind of information is very time consuming and not very flexible. The opposite alternative is unstructuredness, e.g. like a Wiki. Wikis allow to enter data very quickly, but have the disadvantage that one can't easly produce text on demands (it's not easy to make a wiki book) and that full text search has its limits once the wiki starts growing. In addition, Wiki engines don't produce text, but the spit back page names plus the search context. E.g. you can't say something like "let's have a list of all the references on pages that belong to the category "instructional design modelling".

DITA can address some of the needs for flexible information retrieval architectures, in particular if combined with a xml-database web application like [eXist http://exist.sourceforge.net/].

Flexible document production

Now lets image that you are engaged in teacher training, or that you are interested in reading all information related to some topic, e.g. how do I design inquiry-based learning. DITA would allow to create print or web documents on the fly, on a per needed bases.

Authoring

In some cases, it is desired that information entered be complete according to some standards. A typical example would be lesson plans. A flexible TTW DITA-based editor could address this issue. (However DSchneider admits that XML editing is not easy and user must receive some initial training).

A test case

DSchneider made some DITA extensions to have a writing tool for the TECFA SEED catalog

• DITA + TECFA extensions DTD

Educational modelling

• It may be an interesting idea to investigate how structured text might be combined with educational modelling languages.

Learner activities

DITA could be a cognitive tool or a component

DITA extensions could be built to help students with writing strongly structured texts. A typical example is what DSchneider and Paraskevy Synteta did in their C3MS project-based learning model. Students had to use a special purpose project tool named ePBL, which stands for « Project-Based e-learning and had to define research plans with a specially made XML grammar.

References and links

• Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA XML) Cover page article
• DITA - XML-based Darwin Information Typing Architecture FAQ
• Introduction to the Darwin Information Typing Architecture
• Specialization in the Darwin Information Typing Architecture

• The Tecfa SEED Catalog

• Schneider, Daniel. (2005) "Gestaltung kollektiver und kooperativer Lernumgebungen" in Euler & Seufert (eds.), E-Learning in Hochschulen und Bildungszentren. Gestaltungshinweise für pädagogische Innovationen, München: Oldenbourg. Preprint in PDF

• Schneider, Daniel with Paraskevi Synteta, Catherine Frété, Fabien Girardin, St�phane Morand (2003) Conception and implementation of rich pedagogical scenarios through collaborative portal sites: clear focus and fuzzy edges. ICOOL International Conference on Open and Online Learning, December 7-13, 2003, University of Mauritius. PDF.

• Schneider Daniel & Paraskevi Synteta (2005). Conception and implementation of rich pedagogical scenarios through collaborative portal sites, in Senteni,A. Taurisson,A. Innovative Learning & Knowledge Communities / les communautés virtuelles: apprendre, innover et travailler ensemble", ICOOL 2003 & Colloque de Guéret 2003 selected papers, a University of Mauritius publication, under the auspices of the UNESCO, ISBN-99903-73-19-1. PDF Preprint