Semantic web

Draft

Definition

“The Semantic Web is a project that intends to create a universal medium for information exchange by putting documents with computer-processable meaning (semantics) on the World Wide Web.” Wikipedia: Semantic Web

The idea central to the semantic web is that power comes from putting together a variety of islands of knowledge that pre-existed, linking them together.

See also:

• Semantic MediaWiki and Semantic Forms (Semantic web extensions for MediaWiki)

Technology

This section needs updating as of Feb 2020 !

A 2006 vision

People who work on the Semantic Web base their work on some kind of "semantic web tower". This usually take the form of a graph that captures all the different layers that the semantic web is made of:

The simplified semantic web tower

The core technologies are:

• XML, check out the XML entry
• RDF. Semantic web applications are usually built on top of RDF, e.g. see FOAF as a relatively simple example. See also the RDF article, e.g. for information about the "RDF bus".
• Ontologies. Ontologies can be used to capture any knowledge expressed in a semi-structured way. W3C proposed OWL as an ontology standard built on top of RDF

What’s so special about RDF/OWL?

To start with, they don’t require a priori fully structured representation of the knowledge like relational database. They are designed to cope with semi-structured types of knowledge.

RDF+OWL are designed to live in an open and distributed environment.

If you take OWL, for instance, it is grounded into URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). This means that anywhere within your knowledge tree, you put a URI as content of a node. Rather than give a definition of a term or clone the definition form elsewhere like you would be forced to do in a relational database, you can simply refer to some knowledge that is held elsewhere (and eventually kept up to date on that other site). The big distinction then to make is between the URL that corresponds to the usual web page model which can link to a web page like the one of the Guardian (a newspaper in the UK) where the information is susceptible to change everyday and a URI to be used in a knowledge tree. In the second context, the URI doesn’t let you retrieve information content per se but information about where that information content is to be found. An important implication of this is of course that the URI for this second type of resource (pointer to the information content) has to remain persistent for it to be useful to link to it.

Ontologies allow for web-like relationships between data, which is not easily done in a typical relational database. This corresponds to a point he made 3 time during the talk. The general idea being that links on the web have some parallel with links in the real world.

Closely Related

• Topic maps
• Connected Services Framework 3.0 Developers Guide
• Microformats, which are XML specifications for embedding data content within an HTML page. For instance, the FOAF ("Friends of a friend") which is an RDF-based format for social networks and social software.

The relation to Web 2.0

Web 2.0 does incorporate some "semantics" but globally speaking it is much inspired by making it as simple as possible. E.g. Web 2.0 uses

• Simple RSS (0.91, 2.0) instead of more sophisticated RDF-based RSS 1.0
• Folksonomies instead of formal metadata taxnomies, based on RDF semantics.
• People-driven aggregation of knowledge (e.g. via syndication of the blogsphere) instead of smarter search engines. An exception are some of the best citation indexes that use both approaches.

In other words, Web 2.0 is not very smart, but it brought back people into the network (as planned some 40 years ago by Licklider and Taylor).

There are some interesting initiatives to make the current web smarter without using "heavy" semantic web technology. E.g. microformats, semantic XHTML. Other initiatives, like RDFa try to build a bridge between "pure" RDF and XHTML.

The promises of Web 3.0

“Web 3.0 is a term that is used to describe various evolution of Web usage and interaction along several paths. These include transforming the Web into a database, a move towards making content accessible by multiple non-browser applications, the leveraging of artificial intelligence technologies, the Semantic web, the Geospatial Web,[citation needed] or the 3D web.” (Source: Web 3.0 @ wikipedia, last accessed Nov 17, 2007)

Discussion

Semantic Web is "heavy". As of 2020 it still requires some programming skills. However, some functionality can be use by any digitally literate person, e.g. semantic mediawiki or Metadata schemes for contents.

Alternatives to the "official" vision of the semantic web are light-weight initiatives using the lowercase semantic web or "real world semantics" metaphor and that can be found in:

• some Web 2.0 applications
• initiatives like microformats and (now dead) related semantic XHTML (aka "meaningful or lossless XHTML")

Links

Major Indexes

• Semantic Web. W3C home page. (includes links to all standards, groups, and some publications).

• Dave Beckett's Resource Description Framework (RDF) Resource Guide. This is probably the most complete index of documents.

• ontoworld.org - a "wiki for the Semantic Web community", includes news, events, etc.

Short Tutorials etc.

• The Semantic Web Made Easy, W3C page, retrieved 16:10, 23 November 2006 (MET).

FAQs

• Semantic Web Road Map:

• What the Semantic Web Can Represent FAQ

Various links

• ScienceWise An ontology of various science concepts.

• Semantic Media Wiki (included in this wiki, see also our local semantic mediawiki article.

• ConceptNet is a freely-available semantic network, designed to help computers understand the meanings of words that people use. ConceptNet originated from the crowdsourcing project Open Mind Common Sense, which was launched in 1999 at the MIT Media Lab. It has since grown to include knowledge from other crowdsourced resources, expert-created resources, and games with a purpose. (What is ConceptNet?, Feb 2020).

• Swoogle. Semantic Web Search. Swoogle is a crawler-based indexing and retrieval system for the Semantic Web. That is, it indexes RDF and OWL documents, rather than plain HTML documents.

Further Readings

• Fensel, D., Hendler, J.A., Lieberman, H. and Wahlster, W. (2003). Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential. ISBN 0262062321. Review

References

• Hendler, James, Berners-Lee, Tim and Miller, Eric "Integrating Applications on the Semantic Web," Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680. HTML (Reprint).

• Horrocks, Ian; Bijan Parsia, Peter Patel-Schneider and James Hendler (2005). Semantic Web Architecture: Stack or Two Towers, in Francois Fages and Sylvain Soliman, editors, Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning (PPSWR 2005), number 3703 in LNCS, pages 37-41. SV, 2005. PDF Preprint

• Shadbolt, Nigel; Tim Berners-Lee and Wendy Hall (2006). The Semantic Web Revisited, by , IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3) pp. 96-101, May/June 2006. PDF.