Fab lab: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:36, 12 October 2011

Introduction

A Fab Lab (fabrication laboratory) is a small-scale workshop with computer controlled tools with the aim to make "almost anything". (Wikipedia). The smallest type of a modern fab lab is a so-called 3D-printer. Fab labs are a disruptive technology. In the same way that micro computers changed computing, desktop fabbers (fab lab machines) may change manufacturing, i.e. people can produce things at home or within small organizations.

Fab labs and 3D printers in particular will have a certain impact on education including computer-supported educational technology. Examples of educational domains and applications are design teaching (in engineering or design schools), producing constructionist learning objects (manipulatives that may or may not be augmented with computer technology), and creation of replicas or augmented objects for museum learning.

History

An excellent source for the early history of 3-D models is Lipson et al, 2004). According to this paper, “Physical models of machines have played an important role in the history of engineering for teaching, modeling, and exploring mechanical concepts. Many of these models have been replaced by computational representations, but new rapid-prototyping technology allows reintroduction of physical models as an intuitive way to demonstrate mechanical concepts” (Lipson et al, 2004:1032).

Here are a few milestones (that should be completed):

15th century: Filippo Brunelleschi 1377–1436, the architect and engineer of the Duomo in Florence is known to have created construction models.

19th century: Robert Willis (1800–1875) of Cambridge was known for his kinematic teaching models.; Franz Reuleaux (1829–1905) created the world’s largest collection of kinematic models at the Technical University of Berlin with over 800 models.

1940's: Birth of numerical control, i.e. machine tools controlled by code.

mid 1950's: Birth of special purpose programming languages for computer numerical controlled (CNC) machine tools.

end 1950's - mid 1960's: Birth of interfaces of Computer-aided design (CAD) with CNC.

1970: Mohamed Hashish created a technique to add abrasives to the water jet cutter

1986: Emergence of 3D-Printing

2005: Neil Gershenfeld's et al. MIT class 863.04 - how to make (almost) anything.

2006: The RepRap prototype

2007: Neil Gershenfeld and Joe Jacobson MIT class How To Make Something That Makes (almost) Anything.; The CandyFab Project

Hardware tools

There exist several popular fab lab technologies, some of which are described below in more details. Most fall in the category of solid freeform fabrication tools and that include:

3D printers
Laser cutters
CNC machines
Automated paper cutters
3D Scanners (for replication)
Laser sintering
embedded systems building blocks: Another kind of toolkits are electronics platforms like Arduino.

A fabber (or digital fabricator) refers to a "factory in box" (i.e. one of the above tools) that can create things automatically from digital data. The Digital Fabrication Portal distinguishes three fundamental kinds of fabbers, according to the way they operate on their raw material:

Subtractive: Material is carved away from a solid block, such as by milling, turning, or electrodischarge machining (EDM). Subtractive fabbers have been automated since the late 1940s, and are often called computer-numerically controlled (CNC) machines.
Additive: Material is successively added into place to build up the desired object. The methods used include selective curing, selective sintering, and aimed deposition. The first commercial additive fabber was introduced in 1987. [This includes the 3D printers that became very cheap and popular in recent years] (DKS).
Formative: Material is neither added nor removed, but opposing pressures are applied to the material to modify its shape. Techniques in this category, including automated bending and reconfigurable molding, are under development.
Hybrid: Processes from two or more of the above categories are combined. Sheet-based fabbers, which cut and laminate successive layers of sheet material, are hybrid subtractive/additive devices. A combination CNC punch press and press brake is a hybrid subtractive/formative fabber. (retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

"Open-Source Washing Machine" project

As of May 2009, there seem to be three kinds of fab labs

Fairly expensive setups (USD 60K range) that focus a lot on electronics and a large tool set for working with materials. A typical example would be MIT's "FabCentral" Lab described in the Fab Lab inventory. An other big fab lab, the Waag Society (NL) includes a laser cutter, a milling machine, a Modela milling and scanning machine. a vinyl cutter, an lock stich machine and an embroidery machine. One June 2009, Waag listed about 30 labs of this type world-wide.
A simple, solid freeform fabber, i.e. a 3D desktop printer, a technology that will present in more detail here. Since we expect these 3D printers to become cheaper and cheaper, other devices such as laser cutters also may become more affordable and therefore popular.
"Other", e.g. third-world, hobbyist and artist labs who assemble things from various parts, e.g. an open source washing machine from bicycle parts, bamboo, a solar panel and a motor.

We found it quite interesting that both the MIT and the Waag fab lab did not include 3D-printers in the description of their setup. Does this mean that these two communities live on two totally different "planets" or that the the "older" fab labers did not catch up with cheap Solid Freeform Fabrication yet ?

Solid Freeform Fabrication overview

“Freeform Fabrication is a collection of manufacturing technologies with which parts can be created without the need for part-specific tooling. A computerized model of the part is designed. It is sliced computationally, and layer information is sent to a fabricator that reproduces the layer in a real material” (Laboratory of Freeform Fabrication, UTexas, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)). CreatItReal shows an animation of this principle. Typical commercial free form fabricators range between 20'000 and 300'000 $US although low-end 3D printers start at $5000 (June 2009). Open source kits are much cheaper if self-assembled (see below)

RepRap Thermoplast Extruder Version 2

Low End Solid Freeform Fabrication tools, also called rapid prototype machines are usually a kind of 3D printers. “3D printing is a unique form of fabrication that is related to traditional rapid prototyping technology. A three dimensional object is created by layering and connecting successive cross sections of material. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive fabrication technologies. While prototyping dominates current uses, 3D printers offers tremendous potential for retail consumer uses.” (Wikipedia, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

Currently, low-end commercial 3D prototypers are still costly for individuals who want to "play" or schools. On June 2009, the cheapest 3D printer we found was at $5000 from Desktop Factory and another at 5000 Euros from CreateItReal. A more expensive one is "Dimension uPrint" and cost £12000. In addition you need to buy materials and solidifiers which may be more expensive. Current (June 2009) open source freeform systems rather cost about $2000 (not counting assembly time) and assembled versions cost about $4000.

According to Wikipedia (retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009), “Prototypes made by low-end commercial machines cost around US$2 per cubic centimeter to fabricate. The RepRap Project is on track to produce a 3D prototyping machine and free and open source accompanying software that costs about US$400 to build and which can fabricate objects at a cost of about US$0.02 per cubic centimeter.”

There exist various kinds of 3D printers, e.g. Inkjet-like where layers of powder (e.g. plaster, corn starch or resins) are selectively bonded or photopolymer machines that fix liquids with an UV flood lamp.

Some low-cost fabbers (e.g. RepRaps) include a kind of "gun" that heats up polymer plastic from a filament and then extrudes a fine stream to build things.
Another low-cost faber (Fab@Home) uses syringes that you can fill in with Epoxy or some kinds of food. Materials are pushed down by a piston. The Epoxy comes with a resin and a hardener that have to be mixed before filling up the syringe. Malone and Lipson (2007) describe in good detail the architecture of the Fab@Home solid freeform printer.

A similar more complex procedure is called fused deposition modeling (FDM) (Montaro, 2002) and is described more precisely by Lipson et al. (2004:1030): “The process creates a sequence of thermoplastic layers from a filament wound coil that is heated and extruded through a nozzle. The trajectory of the nozzle is derived from the triangle mesh, so as to raster scan and fill solid volumes. In order to create functioning mechanisms, a second, soluble release material is placed in the gaps between the movable parts.”

Low cost fabbers

Fab@Home Fabber model 1, 2007: Source fabathome.org

Very low-cost non-proprietary 3D printers are often referred to as Fabbers (although the term includes other technologies, including high-end ones). There exist several projects with a high profile in the "web 2.0 sphere". Most printers use a "hot gun" plastic extruder, but other techniques are emerging, e.g. sugar sintering in the CandyFab project.

The Fab@Home project (retrieved June 2009) “is a project dedicated to making and using fabbers - machines that can make almost anything, right on your desktop. [...] Fabbers (a.k.a. 3D printers or rapid prototyping machines) are a relatively new form of manufacturing that builds 3D objects by carefully depositing materials drop by drop, layer by layer. With the right set of materials and a geometric blueprint, you can fabricate complex objects that would normally take special resources, tools and skills if produced using conventional manufacturing techniques. A fabber can allow you to explore new designs, email physical objects to other fabber owners, and most importantly - set your ideas free. Just as MP3s, iPods and the Internet have freed musical talent, we hope that blueprints and fabbers will democratize innovation.”. Fab@Home was conceived by Hod Lipson of Cornell University and designed and implemented by Evan Malone. Current development includes more people.

RepRap self-replicating 3D printer

RepRap is another well known project. “RepRap is short for Replicating Rapid-prototyper. It is the practical self-copying 3D printer shown on the right - a self-replicating machine. This 3D printer builds the parts up in layers of plastic. This technology already exists, but the cheapest commercial machine would cost you about €30,000. And it isn't even designed so that it can make itself. So what the RepRap team are doing is to develop and to give away the designs for a much cheaper machine with the novel capability of being able to self-copy (material costs are about €500). That way it's accessible to small communities in the developing world as well as individuals in the developed world. Following the principles of the Free Software Movement we are distributing the RepRap machine at no cost to everyone under the GNU General Public Licence. So, if you have a RepRap machine, you can use it to make another and give that one to a friend...” (What is RepRap?, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

This RepRap 3D printer builds the parts up in layers of plastic with the help of a custom-made Thermoplast Extruder. Version 2 “takes a 3mm diameter filament of a polymer (the single white rod coming into the picture from the top, not to be confused with the pair of white 12V supply wires), forces it down a heated barrel, and then extrudes it as a melt out of a fine nozzle. The resulting thin stream is laid down in layers to form the parts that RepRap makes. The extruder should work up to a temperature of 250o Celsius”. It works with ABS (Lego-like plastic) and polylactic acid. (Thermoplast Extruder Version 2.0, retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC)). In the UK, a RepRap assembly kit with everything included, is available as RapMan (2009/2010).

The next version of RepRap (RepRap Version 2.0 "Mendel") “will have multiple write heads for working with a wide range of materials in a single reprapped object, and will have the ability to embed three-dimensional electrical circuitry inside mechanical parts. Mendel is still very much in the early stages of development, but the build instructions are themselves under construction at that link.”

CandyFab pure sugar objects

The CandyFab project is a 3D freeform fabrication project that works with sintering of sugar and other low-melting point materials. This project is different from Fab@Home and RepRap in two ways. The fabricator can print a much larger printable volume but with a lower resolution and you may eat the product. The creators argue that “Sugar is a particularly good medium because it's easy to obtain, low in cost, kid friendly, water soluble, non-hazardous, non-toxic, non-intimidating, rigid despite having a low melting point, and may be suitable for making objects for lost sugar (like lost wax) investment casting. We also think that it may also be possible to make interesting food with this technology.” (Sneak preview: The Evil Mad Scientist 3D Printer Project, retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC)).

One interesting application of the CandyFab would be to create 3D models of statistical data to be shown in presentations (e.g. a workshop or a thesis defense). After discussion, participants could eat the research results and further discuss data quality and distribution.

W.H. Oskay summarizes the procedure as follows: “When the first layer is started, there is a bed of granulated sugar. The heat gun locally melts the top surface of the bed in one point, melting the sugar at that point. The heat gun then moves to the next point, melting the sugar there. If this is done in a number of points in a row, it begins to fill in a line of melted sugar [...]. The sugar only stays molten for about 15-30 seconds after the heat gun is removed from a point. If a second line of melted sugar is added next to the first, you can begin to fill in an area with a thin layer of fused sugar. Let's suppose that you were making a cylinder-- then the first layer would just be a circle. The depth of the melt layer is controlled by the temperature, air flow rate, and hold time at each pixel location. After the first layer is finished, the bed is lowered slightly-- by an amount equal to the melt depth-- and a fresh layer of sugar is added to the top, such that the new top surface is at the same place where the original surface was. To make the next step in the cylinder, a new circle is drawn in the sugar on this layer. For each point in the circle, as the sugar in the top layer melts, it fuses to the corresponding point in the hardened sugar circle below. If we were to let the model cool and take it out of the machine at this point, you would have a solid thin disk, twice the thickness of the melt layer.”

Until recently, Solid Freeform fabbers had to be assembled by the end-user using open designs and low-level parts, i.e. many many days of bricolage. However, some fabbers now can be bought commercially as easy kits or fully assembled. E.g. in June 2009, the NextFab Store sold kits for about $3000 and assembled Fab@Homes for about $4000. Bits from Byte sold a (unassembled) RepRap kit (Version 3 - RapMan) for about £750. Read the RapMan entry for additional information.

The latest addition as of June 2009 was the Cupcake from MakerBot Industries, sold £750 (unassembled). Malone and Lipson (2007) published an interesting breakdown of the cost of the model 1 fab@home 3D printer. Part costs were about $2300 USD plus about 18 hours of assembly work.

Fab@Home Model 1 cost breakdown

There also exists a low-cost Laminated Object Manufacturing engine that works with paper. Such a printer can use standard sheets of printer paper and will deposit glue in a pattern determined by the design. Another sheet of paper is added, and a blade then cuts away the excess paper. Such systems however, seem to be quite expensive (e.g. the Matrix 3D may sell for about $20'000).

Cutters

Laser cutters and engravers: Laser cutters and engravers can process any non-metal material (e.g. acrylic, ceramics, cork, fiberglass, glass, plastic, leather, paper, stone, wood). “Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, which is used in the production line and is typically used for industrial manufacturing applications. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high power laser, by computer, at the material to be cut. The material then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, [1] leaving an edge with a high quality surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials.” (Wikipedia, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM): “Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) is a rapid prototyping system developed by Helisys Inc. (Cubic Technologies is now the successor organization of Helisys) In it, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic, or metal laminates are successively glued together and cut to shape with a knife or a laser cutter.” (Wikipedia, retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC))

Plasma cutters: “Plasma cutting is a process that is used to cut steel and other metals of different thicknesses (or sometimes other materials) using a plasma torch. In this process, an inert gas (in some units, compressed air) is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an electrical arc is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of that gas to plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt the metal being cut and moves sufficiently fast to blow molten metal away from the cut. Plasma can also be used for plasma arc welding and other applications.” (Wikipedia, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

Plasma cutters come in various sizes and are available from $3000.

Water jet cutter: “A water jet cutter is a tool capable of slicing into metal or other materials using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance. The process is essentially the same as water erosion found in nature but greatly accelerated and concentrated. It is often used during fabrication or manufacture of parts for machinery and other devices” (Wikipedia, retrieved 21:22, 23 June 2009 (UTC).)

According to Wikipedia, water jets can cut with a with of about 1mm and can cut materials such as rubber, foam, plastics, composites, stone, glass, tile, metals, food, paper and much more. Also, water jets can cut material without much harming or changing the materials' structures since there is no heat. I also can be considered a green technology, since it doesn't produce harmful waste. Water and abrasives can be recycled.

Lumenlab's micRo-CNC ($599 if you assemble it yourself)

Shopbots

Computer-controlled ShopBots are do-all tool for precisely cutting, carving, drilling or machining all kinds of things from all kinds of materials. “A ShopBot is like a large plotter that moves pens around the surface (in X and Y axes) to create a drawing. Only a ShopBot moves a cutter around a big table (X and Y axes) and moves it up and down as well (Z axis) allowing it to make 3D movements and cut all sorts of shapes. The cutter looks like a drill bit and is spun by a motor called a router or spindle. Unlike a drill bit, a router bit is designed to cut from the sides as well as the tip. By precisely moving the cutter through material, a ShopBot CNC tool can create virtually any pattern or shape and will do it in materials such as wood, plastic, foam, aluminum and many composites.” (What's All the Excitement About ShopBot CNC Tools?, retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC)). Prices start at $7500.

Combined mill / cutter / printer

Various technology can be combined into 3-axis CNC robots. As an example: “micRo is a unique system which can be used for both additive (printing) and subtractive (milling, cutting) fabrication. It is a precise, modular tool which allows you to create complex objects out of wood, metal, plastic and more”

Selective Laser sintering

“In the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process, three-dimensional parts are created by fusing (or sintering) powdered thermoplastic materials with the heat from an infrared laser beam.” (Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), SLS Prototype, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

“Selective laser sintering is an additive rapid manufacturing technique that uses a high power LASER (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic, metal, ceramic, or glass powders into a mass representing a desired 3-dimensional object. The laser selectively fuses powdered material by scanning cross-sections generated from a 3-D digital description of the part” (Wikipedia, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

This technology looks rather complex and expensive, compared to low-end 3D printers...

Stereolithography (SLA)

Stereolithography (or photopolymerization) “is a common rapid manufacturing and rapid prototyping technology for producing parts with high accuracy and good surface finish. A device that performs stereolithography is called an SLA or Stereolithography Apparatus.” (Wikipedia, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

SLA is too expensive for fab labs (between $100,000 and $400,000)

CNC mills

A milling machine (fr. "fraiseuse") is a machine tool used for the shaping of metal and other solid materials. It uses rotating cutters to cut stuff from a workpiece. In more sophisticated milling machines, both the cutters and the workpiece can be rotated in three axis.

Computer controlled sewing machines

A computer-controlled sewing machine allows to print out complex designs, e.g. embroidery.

3D Scanners

An alternative to designing objects is to scan them. Rotating 3D scanners can be bought for about $3000, but hand-held Laser 3D scanning costs next to nothing (see the links section below for pointers).

Electronic kits

See also: Embedded systems building blocks, often that kind of hardware is specially made for education.

Arduino

Arduino “is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).” (Arduino Home Page, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).

OpenMoko

OpenMoko is is a project dedicated to delivering mobile phones with an open source software stack. Openmoko is currently (June 2009) selling the Neo FreeRunner phone to advanced users and will start selling it to the general public as soon as the software is more developed.

“The Openmoko stack, which includes a full X server, allows users and developers to transform mobile hardware platforms into unique products. Our license gives developers and users freedom to cosmetically customize their device or radically remix it; change the wallpaper or rebuild the entire house! It grants them the freedom, for example, to transform a phone into a medical device or point of sale device or the freedom to simply install their own favorite software. Beyond freeing the software on our devices we have also released our CAD files. And at LinuxWorld 2008, we announced the release of the schematics for our products.” (Introduction, retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC)).

The Make controller kit

The Make Controller Kit sponsored by Make magazine, is an open source hardware solution for hobbyists and professionals to create interactive applications. It supports desktop interfaces via a variety of languages such as Max/MSP, Flash, Processing, Java, Python, Ruby, or anything that supports Open Sound Control (OSC).

Software

File formats

See also Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

The .STL file format: “An STL (“Stereolithography”) file is a triangular representation of a 3-dimensional surface geometry. The surface is tessellated or broken down logically into a series of small triangles (facets). Each facet is described by a perpendicular direction and three points representing the vertices (corners) of the triangle. These data are used by a slicing algorithm to determine the cross sections of the 3-dimensional shape to be built by the fabber” (The StL Format, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)).; STL files can be created with most CAD programs. Alphaprototypes provides instructions for several popular CAD applications.

CAD/CAM Software

See also Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

ReplicatorG is the software that will drive your CupCake CNC, RepRap machine, or generic CNC machine. You feed it GCode, it parses the GCode, and then controls your machine via a driver. Its cross platform, easily installed, and is based on the familiar Arduino / Processing environments.

STL Generator

CandyFab developed CandyFaboulous, written in Processing, an open source programming language and environment for people who want to program images, animation, and interaction.

Fab Labs and fabbers in education

Fab labs in education seem to follow several connected axis of development. For example:

Teaching of "design" through modelling and physical realisation
Creation of manipulables (e.g. bricks of a warehouse) or persona
Models for teaching about past or present articifacts or abstract concepts
Having learners create such objects themselves.

Conceptual foundations can be rooted in constructionism or even older theories, but the relative affordance of fabbing tools in the early 2000's gave birth to a round of new Research and Development (e.g. Andersen et al, 2005 or Gershenfeld, 2005). In 2009, prices for devices like a 3-D printer a low enough for school budgets or even individuals.

As the power of desktop fabbers will increase and cost decrease over the next few years, Lipson et al. (2004:1032) argue that “more elaborate machines may be printable by a growing community around the world. Moreover, as new research leads to multimaterial functional freeform fabrication, we expect that incorporation of elastomers, lubricants, actuators, and sensors, electronics and power devices (Lipson, 2005b) will allow faithful replication and electronic sharing of an ever increasing scope of physical models and artifacts.”

Historic artifacts

Cuneiform Tablet: Source 3Dprintables

Lipson et al. (2004:1032) reports on “the use of computer-aided modeling tools and rapid prototyping technology to document, preserve, and reproduce in three dimensions, historic machines, and mechanisms. We have reproduced several preassembled, fully functional historic mechanisms such as early straight line mechanisms, ratchets, pumps, clock escapements and counting devices, including various kinematic components such as links, joints, gears, worms, nuts, bolts, and springs.”. The authors also argue that “One can realize many historical concepts that exist only on paper, such as Leonardo da Vinci's slider crank mechanism, as well as other models that exhibit more contemporary concepts from aerodynamics to molecular biology.”

Teaching of design and fabrication

Fab labs were born in higher education (e.g. Gershenfeld:2005) and most of these are sponsored by academic institutions. Of course, technical hobbyists always did exist and and in many countries, schools do offer facilities and even classes for all sorts of bricolage. The most prominent fabber projects were founded by academics. E.g. RepRap by Adrien Bowyer et al. at University of Bath (UK); Fab@Home by Evan Malone while he was a PhD student at Cornell. Commercial low-cost printers are sold as tool for design classes. E.g. a Desktop Factory printer is advertised as “With the Desktop Factory 3D printer, departments within large firms will be able to have their own dedicated 3D printers, and many small businesses, design firms and schools will be able to own this capability for the first time. Professional designers, engineers and students alike will be able to build inexpensive models from their designs before committing to expensive, custom prototyping” (retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC)).

While we will not discuss in detail obvious application areas of "fab lab techniques" in research and design, there exist a number of areas where cheap "fab lab" technology and in particular 3-D printers could be successfully used. E.g. Allard (2006) argues that “3D printing has the potential to overcome the barriers to the widespread use of RP in biological anthropology. The 3DP technology is easy to use, fast and economical to operate making it well suited to supporting projects in biological anthropology. The main limitation of the use of 3DP is the level of awareness of how it can be used to enhance or facilitate projects in biological anthropology.”

Burry (2006) analysis Antoni Gaudi's approach to thinking, modeling, and making. “[...] in considering the model as a design instrument, and modelling as a design process, Gaudi has bequeathed us two bases for reflecting on how we make and use models today. The first is his creation of a unique process based on a geometrical codex whose value is shared by designer and builder alike. The second bequest is a process involving an apprenticeship that has stood the test of time inasmuch as the exact methods that he developed in his time are still in abundant use on the project today.”

These two examples illustrate that there is interest for "rapid prototyping" techniques in diverse areas outside of engineering, and that maybe should be taught in school, i.e. 3D scanning, modelling and 3D printing may enter curricula.

Use of physical models in education

Vitamin B12: Source: 3dprintables.org

Knapp et al. (2007) stress the benefits of physical models in a variety of educational settings, e.g. Mathematics, anatomy, molecular biology, aeronautics, chemistry, archeology: “Physical models have been shown to enhance learning in general student populations as well. Students learn in a variety of ways, and models allow students to include their sense of touch in the learning experience. The role of experience is emphasized in Piaget's description of cognitive development, that is, to know an object a subject must act on it and thus transform it - displace, connect, combine, take apart, and reassemble it. (Cohen, 1983). Science education especially benefits from the use of models. If one goal of science education is to enhance and maximize an individual's special conceptual ability, then access to manipulatives is advisable for those individuals. This access to manipulatives might also enhance development of their logical abilities... Internality is positively correlated with student achievement, and experience with manipulatives tends to move external subjects toward the internal end of the internal external continuum. (Cohen, 1982)”. Knapp et al. also stress the general benefits of models and manipulatives, quoting a study from Lillard (2006) showing that children from a Montessori kindergarten significantly outperformed their peers at traditional schools in standardized tests of reading and math.

Vitamin B12: Source: 3dprintables.org

In mathematics education, for example, Eisenberg et al. already in 2005 made the following statement. “One of the most important shifts in mathematical crafts is due to the increased power and affordability of fabrication devices - essentially, new sorts of output devices - that work in conjunction with computers. (Cf. the recently-published book by Gershenfeld for an enthusiastic discussion.) There are a number of devices that are relevant to this theme, among which are: (i) laser cutters (which employ a laser to cut flat sheets of wood or plastic into desired shapes), (ii) 3D printers (which output 3-dimensional forms in plastic or plaster, among other possible materials), and (iii) computer-controlled sewing machines (which can embroider fabric according to computational control)”.

Among other benefits these authors point that “One usually-unheralded aspect of mathematical crafts (particularly in comparison to purely "virtual", computer-based activities) is that the use of tangible materials permits children to create objects and artifacts that populate their physical space. In classrooms, it is not all that unusual to see mathematical models placed on shelves, hung from the ceiling, assembled into mobiles, and so forth. The contrast with computer-based activities here is telling: a mathematical game or simulation may be marvelous, but it remains (for the most part) "hidden" inside the computer; unlike the physical products of crafts, which are simply present and continuous in children's spaces, an educational computer program is invisible unless consciously accessed.”

Building blocks for computer supported physical manipulatives

The Tinkerlamp tabletop learning environment (EPFL)

A good example is the TinkerTable integrated learning environment. It is a “tabletop learning environment which allows apprentices to build small-scale models of a warehouse using physical objects like wooden shelves, docks and rooms as well as metallic pillars, all scaled at 1:16. The system is made of a 2m by 1.5m table covered with whiteboard material and a gallows carrying a camera, a projector and a mirror. The purpose of the camera is to track the position of objects on the table and transfer this information to a computer running a logistics simulation. The position of the object is obtained thanks to fiducial markers (similar to 2D barcodes) detected by StudierStube tracker. The projector is used to project information on the table and on top of the objects, indicating for example the accessibility of the content of each shelf or security zones around obstacles.” ( retrieved 13:44, 25 October 2009 (UTC))

“The TinkerLamp environment is a lighter and portable version of the TinkerTable. It consists of a projector and camera mounted in a metal casing which is suspended above a regular classroom table by an aluminum gooseneck. Shelves, pillars and docks are scaled at 1:48. The functionality of this small version is identical to the large version except for the size of the warehouse (32m by 24m on the TinkerTable but limited to 24m by 18m) on the TinkerLamp version”. The shelves (i.e. the manipulatives) were made with ABS plastic and could have been printed with a 3D printer.

Objects for the visually impaired

The Tactilelearning.org stresses the importance of tactile models for the visually impaired and present several devices made "by hand" for teaching. A similar project is Touch Graphics that produced a number of projects, some of which are commercially available.

Eisenberg et al (2005) demonstrated for example embedded computers within construction pieces that are used to create two dimensional and three-dimensional "cellular automaton kits". “By placing computers inside craft objects themselves, we can make those objects programmable, and can endow them with qualities of interactivity and autonomous behavior. In turn, this enables new sorts of mathematical content to be brought into the sphere of craft activities.”

Sharing

Several repositories now exist that allow people to share (and take). Most 3D printers rely on the STL format described above and that decomposes a 3D structure into slices. There exist several options to create such a printable 3D representation.

Models for math teaching can be created with the following workflow desribed by Knapp et al. (2008):

STL Generator flow chart from equations to printed model of Rössler Attractor. Source: Knapp, Mary E., Ryan Wolff & Hod Lipson (2008). Developing Printable Content - A Repository For Printable Teaching Models PPT

Others may use 3D modeling software or 3D scanners.

Links

Fab Lab portals and overviews

FabCentral, The Center for Bits and Atoms, MIT. Inventor of FabLab classes.
- Fab Lab FAQ, MIT. (includes further pointers).
- How to make (almost) anything (alex schaub's mas863 log Fall 2008). Illustrates what could be done.

High-Low Tech group (MIT Media Lab). Explore the intersection of computation, physical materials, manufacturing processes, traditional crafts, and design.

RepRap (Main site)
- Related sites (links)
- Reprap research foundation
- RepRap:Blog

NextFab and Fab@Home
- NextFab News
- Fab@Home Links

Wikipedia articles

Wikipedia
Category:Solid freeform fabrication (Wikipedia).

Desktop manufacturing (Wikipedia)

Digital fabricator (Wikipedia)

Fabber (Wikipedia).

Solid freeform fabrication (Wikipedia, overview).

Overviews

The Most Important Commercial Rapid Prototyping Technologies at a Glance

On the future of invention, by Neil Gershenfeld, Seedmagazine, June 24, 2009.

Desktop manufacturing - Helping poor-world inventors, The Economist, Mar 23 2005.

What is a Fabber?, An Introduction to the 21st Century, Ennex Corporation, retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC).

Jay Leno’s 3D Printer Replaces Rusty Old Parts

Rapid Prototyping Home Page

3D Printers and 3D Printing Technology Blog

Repositories

Software Models

New objects (includes visualization and downloadable files)
3dprintables.org (excellent wiki includes educational objects, often with links models on external sites)
thingiverse (a place to share digital designs that can be made into real, physical objects). Many interesting objects for RepRap machines like the RapMan
Open Prosthetics Project is producing useful innovations in the field of prosthetics and freely sharing the designs

Hardware models

KMODDL. Some open source models are available in the Machines and Mechanisms Wiki

Numerical control

Numerical control (Wikipedia)

Cheap 3D open source printers

3D printer as geek campfire (Source:[1])

“We didn’t know it, but it turns out that sitting around a table with folks while the MakerBot Cupcake CNC is puttering away and doing its thing and making objects appear where there were none before is really a great community activity! One of the gatherers mentioned that it felt like a geek campfire and it did!” (Pre Pettis, retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC))

Below are the fabbers most popular in June 2009. See also the links in the general section above. All organizations and companies providing designs and selling parts or fully assembled tools do have web sites with a lot of information.

Fab@Home 3D printer

Fab@Home, is a project dedicated to making and using fabbers - machines that can make almost anything, right on your desktop. This website provides everything you need to know in order to build or buy your own simple fabber, and to use it to print three dimensional object. Hardware designs and software on this website are open source. This printer can include a dual syringe tool for printing two materials simultaneously.
The fab@home page lists several Vendors for buying parts.
The NextFab store sells assembled systems at $3700 (single syringe, clear chassis) and $4175 (two synringe, color chassis). Shipping with FedEx to Switzerland would cost $452.
Designs are available from the Design Library

Reprap 3D printer

RepRap, a British project, is short for Replicating Rapid-prototyper. This 3D printer builds the parts up in layers of plastics. It can be assembled from parts bought in various places.
RepRap Project (Wikipedia)
Introduction to Reprap, retrieved 17:25, 24June 2009 (UTC).
RepRap Official Blog
Designs can be shared on thingyverse.
Spare parts: See reprapsource. German company that sells spare parts.

RepRap derivative - BitsfromBytes

Bits from Bytes. Sells RepRap kits (£750 / CHF 1270).
That's the device we acquired. We got it in January 2010 and was assembled by end of Feb 2010 Read the RapMan article. - Daniel K. Schneider Nov 2009/Feb 2010.

RepRap derivative - A1 Technologies

A1 Technologies. Sells Rapman systems (£750 / CHF 1270).

RepRap derivative - Cupcake (MakerBot Industries): Cupcake is a 3D printer that works with four kinds of plastic, e.g. ABS (Lego-like) and HDPE (milk-jug like). The founder of this company also is involved in the RepRap research project. So it's another derivative of Reprap

MakerBot Industries sells CupCake (a 3D prototyper). It includes a Plastruder and an Arduino compatible microcontroller.
CupCake CNC Basic Kit Product page ($750). A fully assembled tool costs $2'500.
CupCake CNC overview.
MakerBot Industries Blog

The CandyFab 6000 sugar-based 3D printer

CandyFab

CandyFab Project home page
CandyFab kits should be available in fall 2009 from Evil Mad Science. The CandyFab 6000 prototype is shown to the right (click to enlarge).
CandyFab Wiki
CandyFab (Wikipedia)
CandyFab Forum

3D printing links

3D printing directory

3D Printing (Explaining the Future, oct. 2011). Includes a review of both commercial and open source printers.

Three dimensional printing Laboratory (MIT,last update 2000)

Cheap 3D scanning

Plush Lion - front scan with David LaserScanner

David Laserscanner, A complete system with calibration panels, camera, red laser and software is about 350 Euros. But you also can buy just parts, e.g. the 90.- red laser and build the rest yourself. The software includes scanning, interpolation, some editing and shape fusion with various methods. To the right you can see a picture of one scan, i.e. our first attempt using this system - Daniel K. Schneider 17:36, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

web services for 3D printing

There exist probably several companies who do this.

Shapeways. They take STL, VRML, Collada & X3D formats with some constraints, e.g. less than 500'000 polygons, a watertight mesh, etc.
Sculpteo (added 1/2010)

Commercial entry-level 3D printers

See also: 3D Printer System Manufacturers - Systems for Less Than US$20,000 overview (parts for self-assembly can be as low as $600)

Up!

Light-weight UP! 3D printer

PP3dp sells a light-weight 3D printer for about $2700 + shipping.
According to the manufacturer the latest model includes a heated platform (good for ABS) and has 0.2 mm accuracy.
Reviews: ponoko, ....

Other printers

Desktop Factory 125ci 3D Printer (network compatible, about $5000, 1 cubic inch of "print" costs about $1). See also the Wikipedia entry.
CreateItReal (Denmark) sells a 3D printer and a Laser Cuter, each for $5000. We found little information about these - Daniel K. Schneider 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC).
Matrix 3D printer from Mcor technologies is a Laminated Object Manufacture printer, i.e. glues and cuts paper. About $20'000 USD. Cost per cc is low. Sold world-wide in Q1 2010.
uPrint from Dimension (about £12'000).
Alaris from Object (price ???)
V-Flash from 3D Systems. (price about $10'000 ?)

Other Fab Lab hardware

Laser and plasma cutters

How Plasma Cutters Work (Howstuffworks.com).

Laminated Object Manufacturing and Laminated Object Manufacturing

Water jets

CNC mills

CNC shopbots

Shopbottools.com. E.g. have a look at the portfolio of projects (including school contexts). Prices are from $7500 to $20K.

Selective Laster Sintering (SLS)

Selective Laser Sintering

Stereolithography (SLA)

Stereolithography (SLA), Castle Island Co., retrieved 17:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Electronics

In order to avoid hassles with repairs and an such, it is probably a good idea to buy in your own country. E.g. in Switzerland, there is the dshop (an Arduino/OpenMoko vendor)

Arduino

Arduino (Home page)
YouTube Videos
Most Arduino products are I/O Boards on top of which one can insert shields (extensions). Various parts range from cheap to $400.-. See the vendor page. Some OpenSource 3D fabbers use these boards.
There exist many Arduino clones (since the design is open source). See the Wikipedia page.
Arduino (Wikipedia).

OpenMoko

Openmoko is a project dedicated to delivering mobile phones with an open source software stack. It can run with various OSs, e.g. it got official Debian support and also runs with Android.
OpenMoko (Home page)
TechTree review of Freerunner
OpenMoko Store. The FreeRunner (A6) model is sold for $250.

Make Controller Kit

Make Controller Kit online sales at Making Things.com

New technology mags, blogs and communities

SEED magazine
NewScientist (tech section)
FabLabs - a space for those tinkering with Fab Labs
Thingiverse. Is a place for you to share your digital designs with the world.
Hacked Gadgets
NYC Resistor is a hacker collective with a shared space located in downtown Brooklyn.
Next Big Future (blog)
Pasta&Vinegar, Nicolas Nova, LiftLab (mind/tech bazar from outer space blog).
The LIFT conference series (organized by our friends from LiftLab).
Make magazine (The most popular commercial geeky do it yourself magazine)
MakingThings (project page)

Fab Labs

Fab Lab Central (MIT, USA). Includes pointers to many FabLabs world-wide.
Fablab Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication (UTexas, USA).
FabLab Squared (France)
Creating Living Lab (Hochschule Luzern, Switzerland) and Fablab (Luzern)

Bibliography

Allard, Travis, T. (2006). The Role of 3D Printing in Biological Anthropology, University of Manitoba, Master Thesis, Allard 2006.pdf PDF

Andersen, D; C. Bennett, P. Huynh, L. Rassbach, S. Reardon, and M. Eisenberg (2005). Printing Out Trees: Toward the Design of Tangible Objects for Education, Proceedings of Education and Technology. PDF.

Bereza, Marek (2007). Rise of the Replicator: The Evolution of Media Into The Tangible. The Royal College of Art, Master thesis. PDF

Breen, Jack; Robert Nottrot, Martijn Stellingwerff (2003). Tangible virtuality--perceptions of computer-aided and physical modelling, Automation in Construction, Volume 12, Issue 6, Design e-ducation: Connecting the Real and the Virtual, November 2003, Pages 649-653, ISSN 0926-5805, DOI: 10.1016/S0926-5805(03)00053-0.

Burns M., (1995) The Freedom to Create, in Technology Management, Volume 1, Number 4 http://www.ennex.com/~fabbers/publish/199407-MB-FreedomCreate.asp

Bowyer, Adrian (2007) Why Accountants are Dull and Guitarists are Glamourous - The End of Intellectual Property, Time Compression Technology Magazine, volume 15, issue 3, p33 (2007).

Bowyer, Adrian (2007)- The Self-replicating Rapid Prototyper ─ Manufacturing for the Masses, Invited Keynote Address, Proc. 8th National Conference on Rapid Design, Prototyping & Manufacturing, Centre for Rapid Design and Manufacture, High Wycombe, June 2007. Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Association, ISBN-13: 978-0948314537 (2007).

Bowyer, Adrian (2007). Breed your own Design, Icon Magazine, volume 52, October 2007.

Burry, Mark; Michael Ostwald, Peter Downton, Andrea Mina, (2007) Homo Faber - Modelling Architecture, Sydeney: Archadia Press, ISBN 9780977571123. PDF (See also the video: Thinking modeling making

Ceccarelli, M., (Ed.) 2000, International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms, Proc. HMM Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.

Cohen D. L., Malone E., Lipson H., Bonassar L., (2006) "3D direct printing of heterogeneous tissue implants", Tissue Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 5: 1325-1335

Cohen, H.G. (1983). A comparison of the affect of two types of student behavior with manipulatives on the development of projective spatial structures. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20(9), 875-883

Cohen, H.G. (1982). Relationship between locus of control and the development of spatial conceptual abilities. Science Education, 66(4), 635-642

Dlodlo, Nomusa and Ronald Noel Beyers (2009). The Experiences of South-African High-School Girls in a Fab Lab Environment, Proceedings Of World Academy Of Science, Engineering And Technology Volume 37 January 2009 Issn 2070-3740. PDF Reprint

Editors' Review (2005). Desktop Factories - FAB The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop -- from Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication By Neil Gershenfeld, Basic Books, Business Week, May 2 2005.

Eisenberg, Michael, Ann Eisenberg, Glenn Blauvelt, Susan Hendrix, Leah Buechley, and Nwanua Elumeze (2005). Mathematical Crafts for Children: Beyond Scissors and Glue, Proceedings of Art+Math=X Conference, Boulder, CO, pp. 61-65, 2005. Reprint: Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. PDF

Eisenberg, M. and Buechley, L. (2008). Pervasive Fabrication: Making Construction Ubiquitous in Education Journal of Software, 3:4, pp. 62-68. PDF

Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories (2007). Solid freeform fabrication: DIY, on the cheap, and made of pure sugar, http://www.evilmadscientist.com/article.php/candyfab, retrieved 17:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC).

Gershenfeld N. Think Globally, fabricate locally, PrincipalVoices.com. PDF (reprint)

Gershenfeld, Neil, A., (2005) FAB: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop – From Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-02745-8.

Institute of the Future (2009). The future of making, PDF

Kuznetsov, Stacey and Eric Paulos (2010). Rise of the Expert Amateur: DIY Projects, Communities, and Cultures, Proceedings of ACM NordiCHI 2010: Extending boundaris, Reykjavik, PDF preprint

Jenweill, Mark, Fab Labs unshackle imaginations, USA Today, 11/6/2005.

Jensen, Daniel; Chris Randell, John Feland, Martin Bowe (2002). A Study Of Rapid Prototyping For Use In Undergraduate Design Education, Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. PDF

Moon, F. C., 2003a, Franz Reuleaux: Contributions to 19th Century Kinematics and Theory of Machines, Applied Mechanics Reviews, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, N.Y.

Lillard, A. and Else-Quest, N. (2006) The Early Years: Evaluating Montessori Education Science, Vol. 313. no. 5795, pp. 1893 - 1894

Lipson H., Moon F.C., Hai J., Paventi C., (2004) 3D-Printing the History of Mechanisms, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, pp. 1029-1033. PDF

Lipson H. (2005a) "Homemade: The future of Functional Rapid Prototyping", IEEE Spectrum, feature article, May 2005, pp. 24-31 http://www.mae.cornell.edu/ccsl/papers/Spectrum05_Lipson.pdf

Lipson H. (2005b). "Homemade: The future of Functional Rapid Prototyping", IEEE Spectrum, feature article, May 2005, pp. 24-31.

Lipson (2007), Printed 3D Models for Customized Hands-On Education. Proceedings of Mass Customization and Personalization (MCPC) 2007.

Knapp M., Wolff R., Lipson H. (2008), "Developing printable content: A repository for printable teaching models", Proceedings of the 19th Annual Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin TX, Aug 2008. PDF.

Lobovsky M., Lobovsky A., Behi M., Lipson H. (2008), "Solid Freeform Fabrication of Stainless Steel Using Fab@Home", Proceedings of the 19th Annual Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin TX, Aug 2008. PDF

Malone, E. (2006). Faxing Artifacts: The promise of three-dimensional scanning and rapid prototyping of archaeological materials, International Council of Archaeo-Zoologists – ICAZ 2006, Mexico City, Mexico, 23-28 Aug 2006, Poster.

Malone E., Lipson H., (2006) "Freeform Fabrication of Ionomeric Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators", Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp.244-253.

Malone E., Lipson H., (2007) "Fab@Home: The Personal Desktop Fabricator Kit", Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.245-255. PDF. (This is to our knowledge the best easy to read article explaining most aspects of a desktop fabricator).

Malone E., Rasa K., Cohen D. L., Isaacson T., Lashley H., Lipson H., (2004) "Freeform fabrication of 3D zinc-air batteries and functional electro-mechanical assemblies", Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 58-69.

Malone, E., Berry, M., Lipson, H., (2008), "Freeform Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc-air Batteries", Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 128-140. PDF

Apoorva Mandavilli (2006). Appropriate technology: Make anything, anywhere, Nature 442, 862-864 (24 August 2006). doi:10.1038/442862a.

McMains, S. (2005). "Layered Manufacturing Technologies", Comm. ACM, Volume 48, Number 6, pp 50-56.

Mikhak, Bakhtiar; Christopher Lyon, Tim Gorton, Neil Gershenfeld, Caroline McEnnis and Jason Taylor (unknown). Fab Lab: An Alternate Model Of Ict For Development, PDF

Milanese, Fiona (2006). FABLab allows you to create the gadget of your dreams, Science in Africa. August 2006, HTML

Montaro, M. et al., 2002, “Material Characterization of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) ABS by Designed Experiments,” University of California, Berkeley Report.

Sells, Ed; Zach Smith, Sebastien Bailard, and Adrian Bowyer (2007). RepRap: The Replicating Rapid Prototyper - Maximizing Customizability by Breeding the Means of Production. Extended abstract in Proc. Mass Customization and Personalization Conference, MIT, October 2007.

STEEG, T., 2008. Makers, Hackers and Fabbers: what is the future for D&T? IN: Norman, E.W.L. and Spendlove, D. (eds.). The Design and Technology Association International Research Conference, [Loughborough University, 2-4 July]. Wellesbourne : The Design and Technology Association, pp. 65-73. 08.pdf PDF - HTML Abstract. (includes throughts about Design and Technology teaching)

Thomson, Clive (2008). Build It. Share It. Profit. Can Open Source Hardware Work? Wired Magazine, 16:1

Touchgraphics, Inc. (2009). An Interactive Talking Campus Model at Carroll Center for the Blind, Final Report, center talking campus model final report low.pdf PDF. (Objects were created with a commercial 3D printer).

Vilbrandt, T., Malone, E., Lipson H., Pasko, A., (2008) "Universal Desktop Fabrication", in Heterogeneous Objects Modeling and Applications, pp. 259-284. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68443-5 (Access restricted)

Wohlers, T. (2005). 3D Printing in Education: How High Schools, Colleges, and Universities Leverage 3D Printing Technology.â Time-Compression Technologies, Sept/Oct 2005. HTML

Links

Adrian Bowyer's Publications
Evan Malone's publications
Cornell Computational Synthesis Laboratory publications
Craft Technology publications (University of Colorado, Boulder)

Acknowledgment

Thanx to Nicolas Nova for inviting Daniel K. Schneider to LIFT France '09 which gave me the impulse for writing a first version of this piece.

@@ Line 506: / Line 506: @@
 === Fab Labs ===
-* [http://fab.cba.mit.edu/a Fab Lab Central] (MIT, USA). Includes pointers to many FabLabs world-wide.
+* [http://fab.cba.mit.edu/ Fab Lab Central] (MIT, USA). Includes pointers to many FabLabs world-wide.
 * [http://fablab.waag.org/ Fablab Amsterdam] (Netherlands)
 * [http://utwired.engr.utexas.edu/lff/ Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication] (UTexas, USA).

Fab lab: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:36, 12 October 2011

Contents

Introduction

History

Hardware tools

Solid Freeform Fabrication overview

Low cost fabbers

Cutters

Selective Laser sintering

Stereolithography (SLA)

CNC mills

Computer controlled sewing machines

3D Scanners

Electronic kits

Software

File formats

CAD/CAM Software

Fab Labs and fabbers in education

Historic artifacts

Teaching of design and fabrication

Use of physical models in education

Building blocks for computer supported physical manipulatives

Objects for the visually impaired

Sharing

Links

Fab Lab portals and overviews

Repositories

Numerical control

Cheap 3D open source printers

Cheap 3D scanning

web services for 3D printing

Commercial entry-level 3D printers

Other Fab Lab hardware

Electronics

New technology mags, blogs and communities

Fab Labs

Bibliography

Acknowledgment

Navigation menu

Fab lab: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:36, 12 October 2011

Introduction

History

Hardware tools

Solid Freeform Fabrication overview

Low cost fabbers

Cutters

Selective Laser sintering

Stereolithography (SLA)

CNC mills

Computer controlled sewing machines

3D Scanners

Electronic kits

Software

File formats

CAD/CAM Software

Fab Labs and fabbers in education

Historic artifacts

Teaching of design and fabrication

Use of physical models in education

Building blocks for computer supported physical manipulatives

Objects for the visually impaired

Sharing

Links

Fab Lab portals and overviews

Repositories

Numerical control

Cheap 3D open source printers

Cheap 3D scanning

web services for 3D printing

Commercial entry-level 3D printers

Other Fab Lab hardware

Electronics

New technology mags, blogs and communities

Fab Labs

Bibliography

Acknowledgment

Navigation menu

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