Distance education

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In principle, someone is working on it and there should be a better version in a not so distant future.
If you want to modify this page, please discuss it with the person working on it (see the "history")

Definition

Keegan (1980) quoted by Gunawardena et al. (????: 358) identifies six key elements of distance education:



See also: e-learning

A short history

  • Late 1800s' Universty of Chicago offers a correspondence program
  • 1840 Establishment of the first correspondence school in Europe, the Sir Isaac Pitman Correspondence Colleges (UK)
  • 1938 Foundation of the ICCE, the International Council for Correspondence Education
  • 1939 Foundation of the CNED, the Centre National d'Éducation à Distance (France)
  • 1963 Foundation of the Council for Education by Correspondence, CEC, earlier predecessor of the AECS
  • 1967 Foundation of DIFF, the Deutsches Institut für Fernstudien (Germany)
  • 1968 Foundation of the European Home Study Council, EHSC, another predecessor of AECS
  • 1969 Foundation of the Open University (UK)
  • 1974 Establishment of the FernUniversität (Hagen, Germany)
  • 1980's Commercial satellite courses in the US
  • 1982 The ICCE changes its name to become the ICDE, the International Council for Distance Education
  • 1984 Establishment of the Open Universiteit (Netherlands)
  • 1985 Foundation of the Association European Correspondence Schools, AECS, successor of the EHSC
  • 1987 Foundation of the EADTU, the European Association of Distance Teaching Universities
  • 1991 Establishment of EDEN, the European Distance Education Network.


Kinds of distance teaching

Trindade (1993) defined the following variables to define modus operandi of distance learning regimes:

  1. Who Learns: population potentially covered by distance education.
  2. Who Teaches: assistance and guidance of the student by the tutor/counsellor of the school, training centre or any other.
  3. What To Learn: selection of courses/curricula and related contents.
  4. When To Learn: period for course attendance, study and assessment.
  5. Where To Learn: places wherein to study ( home, training centre, classroom, etc.).
  6. How To Learn: learning methods and techniques as well as the media to be used.

Links

European distance and e-learning network


References

Handbooks and Textbooks

  • Gunawardena, Charlotte Nirmalani and Marina Stock McIsaac (accessed 17:08, 11 May 2006 (MEST)). Distance education. In D. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology. On-line version at http://www.aect.org/. Maybe there is an older version in the book (Second edition. New York: NY: Macmillan, pp. 403-437.)


  • Moore, Michael G. and William G. Anderson (eds.) (2003). Handbook of Distance Education, Mahwah: Erlbaum, ISBN 0805839240

Studies

  • Lou, Yiping, Robert M. Bernard and Philip C. Abrami (2006). Media and Pedagogy in Undergrade Distance Education: A Theory-based Meta-Analysis of Empirical Literature. Educational Technology Research and Development 54 (2), 141-176 ISSN 1042-1629
  • Hara, Noriko and Rob Kling (2000). Students' Distress with a Web-based Distance Education Course, Preprint. Published in Information, Communication & Society 3(4): 557-579.

History

  • Trindade, Armando Rocha (1993), Basics Of Distance Education, The Conceptual Panorama Of Distance Education And Training, European Distance Education Network (Eden). [1]. This older article contain is still a good primer for certain questions and history.
  • James C Taylor, Distance Education Technologies : The Fourth Generation, The University of Southern Queensland, [2]. This text, dated ??? also provides historical insight. It must have been written in the mid-nineties.