Ubuntu installation

Ubuntu

Ubuntu is a popular Linux distribution, best suited for desktop computers. It is based on Debian, therefore the packaging (*.deb) works rather well.

Disclaimers

• This page so far is by no means a configuration and installation guide, but it contains some information that could be of use to some people. Daniel K. Schneider decided to put some of his installation notes in this wiki, so he won't loose them.
• I am be no means a systems expert. As you can see from other entries in this wiki I deal with lots of stuff and lots of it I don't really master ...
• Feel encouraged to add stuff :)

Find out what distribution you already have:

more /etc/issue
uname -a

Find the serial number for your machine (e.g. a Dell service tag)

sudo dmidecode -s system-serial-number

Installation documentation

Start with the official Ubuntu site (sometimes a bit lengthy):

• official installation guides

Sometimes it is useful to hunt down short installation documentation on other sites than Ubuntu. If you are looking for an other practical, short and excellent installation guides (and that may include how to add non-free software):

• future desktop
• UbuntuGuide.org (last LTS version)
• Ubuntuguide.org (guides for most recent version)

After installing (Thanx a lot to you guys, the articles below really did help me to get a somewhat decent working environment - Daniel K. Schneider 22:06, 20 September 2012 (CEST))

• Top things to do after installing Ubuntu 12.04 and 12.10 Quantal Quetzal

• Important Tweaks/Things to do After install of Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin

• To Do List After installing Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS aka Precise Pangolin

Upgrading Ubuntu 14.04 to 16.04 LTS

This upgrade was available since July 21 2016 (16.04.1 LTS)

Upgrade to latest 14.04 (not sure that this is really needed)

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
sudo apt-get autoremove

Upgrade to 16.04 LTS

sudo do-release-upgrade

If this doesn't work, try

sudo update-manager -d

Upgrading a DELL Precision tower

Even in April 2017, a high end DELL desktop workstation comes with Ubuntu 14LTS (pre-installed). I got a 5810 tower with a Xeon E5-1620 v3 (Four Core HT, 10MB Cache, 3.5GHz Turbo, a 500GB SSD and a NVIDIA® Quadro® M4000 8Go graphics card. That system does not want to upgrade, or at least mine would not.

• Ubuntu certification is 14.04 LTS 64-bit

Symptoms:

• Doing the steps above broke the GUI (Can't log in anymore). This is not related to upgrading to 16LTS but still a big hassle (see below)
• From a terminal (hit CTL-ALT-F1), the do-relase-upgrade command won't find any upgrades. It says:

No new release found

Someone (at DELL) decided that you should not update, so iff you believe that you should upgrade, then change this setting even before any upgrading / updating to newer 14LTS packages.

• Edit /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades and set Prompt=lts

If your system is new (like mine), you could use the Nano editor, e.g. type:

sudo nano /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades

Now

sudo do-release-upgrade

This went pretty well, except that the the GUI was still broken. Nvidia drivers are proprietary and even if you install new ones from the graphics repository (see below), I could not login.

To fix that:

• Disable secure boot (sorry I was too fed up to take notes, but), the most important part is;
• run a terminal: CTL-ALT-F1, then type:

sudo update-secureboot-policy

• Then enter a password you can remember, e.g. yours, and then immediately reboot. It will then ask you to enter the password you just gave in a weird way, character by character.

Now I could log into the system, but the there was no desktop (i.e. compiz was broken). There was only the graphics layer. With that you can still open open a terminal (right click) but it cannot be moved since compiz did not work. In order to get the control center, you could type in terminal:

unity-control-center --overview

... but there is nothing in there that would fixing the problem. However, you can create a new user (see below)

Solution: Kill yourself and get a new better self. Do do so:

• Create a new user with root privileges, e.g. call it admin (and so make sure that he/she got these privileges !!)
• Kill your user
• Create a new one. Also consider getting good uid and gid values, e.g. the same that you would have on other machines in your network.

Comment:

• This is not the first time I have trouble installing or upgrading a Linux desktop. Windows is so much easier. However once Ubuntu is up and running I feel more comfortable with it.
• On the positive side, this DELL machine does seem to be fast, e.g. will load 3.5 Mio Meshes into Meshlab really fast. It even can play games through Steam. It also is very silent.

Ubuntu upgrades

Which version do I run

Type:

lsb_release -a

Minor upgrades

From the command line, to update the repository information:

sudo apt-get update

To upgrade

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

will do the upgrade fairly smartly (make sure that all dependencies work)

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

will upgrade the existing packages to the latest version

Hash Sum mismatch issues

If something like GPG error: http://mirror.switch.ch hardy-updates Release: The following signatures were invalid: BADSIG 40976EAF437D05B5 Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key <ftpmaster@ubuntu.com> happens, you might change the server. Either,

• Edit /etc/apt/sources.list

Or

• change with menu System->Administration->Software sources

Or get a new key (2) Identify the missing ones

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-key adv --recv-key --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXX is the missing key.

Major upgrades

• You can upgrade from LTS to LTS (however that takes a little bit of waiting, e.g. 12.04 LTS will upgrade to 14.04.01
• Upgrade first the existing installation
• Clean repository information. I.e. remove those that don't work anymore (read this (command-line) or that (details, search for "removing").

apt-get dist-upgrade

To upgrade

do-release-upgrade -d

PHP/MySQL trouble with a 10.04 to 12.04 upgrade

• Read this and similar. It helped. I had to force remove remove everything mysql before I could install a 5.5 version + all the other things that were remove (like php-mysql).

• PHP can't find some extensions. Install these again, e.g.

apt-get install php5-gd php5-mcrypt php5-suhosin

Networking, file systems and users

Defining a fixed IP number

By default, a workstation will use numbers from DHCP and that should work without problems.

Alternatively, you also can, in some institutions, that DHCP always provides you with a fixed address. Ask. This solution works in our institution.

Finally, if you want to add manually a or several fixed IP numbers.

• Get one from your computer services
• Read Network Configuration

More simply, on a workstation, use the "Network" tool in the System settings. Click on Options, then the various tabs ...

Mounting external NFS partitions

Read more about this topic:

• Setting Up NFS How To (Ubuntu Community Help Wiki)
• Introduction to Fstab (Ubuntu Community Help Wiki)

Installing mnt and mount points

It's a bad idea to keep your files on your personal PC. Since we have sun servers with daily backup I just mount partitions via NFS. NFS may not be included in your install

apt-get install nfs-common

mkdir /mnt/YYY

then edit /etc/fstab and enter line(s) like this

XXX.unige.ch:/export/home /mnt/YYY nfs defaults 0 0

Then mount these

mount -a

Changing your user id to make it compatible with the one that sits on the server

• If you installed from the standard distribution, your user is is not compatible with the one you have on an other machine, so you have to change it. You can use the user management tool in the System menu (click on "unlock").
• Create a new group first and use the gid from your server (type id- a on the server machine)
• To change your user id is more tricky, can't do this while you are in the desktop. An easy method is to use the usermod tool (after logging out from the GUI !!), e.g.to change user dks to uid=6000

usermod -u 6001 dks

or if you want to change the uid too:

usermod -g 6000 -u 6001 dks

Firewall problems

If the mount -a doesn't work there could be a firewall problem. You will have to open NFS communication channels. On the server machine, check the 2049 port.

grep nfs /etc/services

... might tell you what ports nfs needs, e.g.

nfs		2049/tcp			# Network File System
nfs		2049/udp			# Network File System

Now check if these ports are open

sudo ufw status

Change if necessary (see below how to)

Exporting partitions with NFS

Become root, or add "sudo" in front of all commands ...

Either NFS or Samba allow to share a partition with other (client) machines. In order to use NFS:

1) Install NFS on your server machine

apt-get install nfs-kernel-server

2) Configure the directories to be exported by adding them to the /etc/exports file. For example:

/export/data mymachine.yourorg.org(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)

will export the directory /export/data/ for the host (computer) mymachine.yourorg.org with (with-permissions). Do not use something like:

/export/data *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)

I.e. only give specific machines access to your partition and do not let your client machine be root.

2b) If your client machine (e.g. a personal Linux computer) is not in the DNS, then you can either provide an Internet number or define your machine in the /etc/hosts file, e.g.

129.xx.y.z  mymachine

Then in the /etc/exports use something like

 /data mymachine(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)

or

 /data mymachine(rw,sync,no_subtree_check) mylaptop(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)

or

 /web 192.0.2.1(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)

After doing so, type in the shell

exportfs -a

And check:

exportfs

3) Mount the exported directory on your client machines, as already explained above. Firstly make sure that nfs-common is installed.

apt-get install nfs-common 

• Create an empty directory, e.g.

mkdir /mnt/data

• Edit file /etc/fstab on your client machine

 servermachine.x.y:/export/data /mnt/data nfs defaults 0 0

• Then type on your client machine:

 mount -a (on your machine)

If it doesn't work, look at the log files of the server machine. Most likely you failed to give permission. Also, you should restart the NFS daemon on the server. Type:

/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart

4) User id and group ids

If you want to write files in the server, then user and group id's must match on both machines....

Creating groups

To create an ordinary group of users:

groupadd -g GID_number group_name

e.g.

sudo groupadd  -g 1200 toto

Creating users

• On your desktop machine, you can use the system menus
  • Unlock (top right) in the user accounts tool, then click on the +.
• On a server, you can use useradd. Make sure that user and group id's match those of other machines in case you plan to mount partitions (e.g. a web server directory on your desktop).

useradd -ggroup_name -uNNNNN -m -p XXXXX login_name

group_name = name of primary group

NNNNN = uid number, e.g. 160001

XXXXX = password

login_name = login + home directory name, e.g. dks

If you want to add the user to other groups, use the -G flag or use usermod. E.g.

usermod -Gadmin,adm dks

will add the user dks to the adm and the admin group.

A simpler way to make someone admin, is to use the GUI (User Accounts tool in the System tools)

id -a [login]

will display an id of a user

Using Samba

• http://praxis.edoceo.com/howto/samba4
• Samba4 (Samba wiki). RC as of nov 2012

SFTP demon

sudo apt-get install openssh-server

Read: OpenSSH server

Displays

Principles

Most Linux distribution's installer (at least the free ones) can't handle some slightly more fancy hardware automatically

Usually you have to do either of two things

1. Configure the drivers from the ubuntu desktop (if your are lucky) and then use nvidia-settings
2. Hand edit the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file to tweak things.

Also read:

• How to install Nvidia 295.40 drivers in ubuntu 12.04/11.10 using PPA
• Ubuntu Twinview Monitors with an NVidia Graphics Card (T. Fitzgerald/3/2007)

• Remember to save every version (preferably on an other machine or in a wiki) that worked.

Installation of Nvidia Drivers

First, make sure that your machine allows installiong 3rd party drivers.

If you cannot see or use the desktop:

CTRL-ALT F1: To get a terminal

Get rid of old nvidia drivers

sudo apt-get purge nvidia-*

Install the repository (if not already done so)

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa
sudo apt-get update.

Install the latest driver

# sudo apt-get install nvidia-370 // Make sure to take the best driver you need. Best can be the latest, but not necessarily so...
sudo apt install nvidia-381

Trouble

E.g. you can not display the desktop. You could try to deinstall the current driver and replace by a new one. See above.

As of April 2017, you will get strange window decorations, fuzzy around the edges. Workaround: Restart the window manager

compiz --replace

Solution (maybe). Download the latest driver (see above)

sudo apt install nvidia-381

This will ask again to confirm that secure boot is disabled

reboot

... and answer the funny questions

After installing

sudo apt-get autoremove

Configuration

Search System settings, then Displays. Ubuntu should autodetect your monitors. You then can change resolution, rotation and position for each.

For more advanced settings, search CompizConfig in the Dashboard, or type ccsm. You may have to install it and if you have a double monitor configuration, you must install the extras

sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager compiz-plugins-extra
ccsm &

• Click on Window Management
• Tick "Put" (for double monitor)

In addition you could change the hot key for switching.

... Having to install an advanced configuration tool with advanced extras is totally ridiculous. Under Windows adding a second monitor is plug and play. Under Ubuntu this takes 1 hour ore more to figure out.

Ubuntu Nvidia Quadro FX + 2 digital monitors

Recent Ubuntu editions handle Quadro cards quite well (iff and after you managed to install the system, see above). Just use the display tool in the systems settings.

In case you are interested in older versions of Ubuntu, see the wiki history of this article.

Displaying remote programs with X11

According to this Stackexchange, If you are root on another machine and you get " X11 connection rejected because of wrong authentication." try the following (worked for me)

ssh remote_host -XY -luser
sudo su
cd
xauth merge /home/user/.Xauthority

Sounds / Bell / beep

By default, Ubuntu disables the beep in terminals

To get it back (according to this)

• Run gconf-editor and if the desktop | gnome | peripherals | keyboard | bell_mode setting is present then change it from off to on.
• Add pactl upload-sample /usr/share/sounds/gnome/default/alerts/glass.ogg bell.ogg to the file ~/.xprofile
• Add [ "$DISPLAY" ] && xset b 100 to the file ~/.bashrc

To get a bell in Emacs, read AlarmBell

Desktop

Change window control buttons

By default the window control buttons are to the left in Ubuntu 10.04 LTS - the Lucid Lynx - released in April 2010 (annoying for older people like me who don't want to retrain procedures for no good reason).

To fix this, i.e. move the control buttons to the right as before: Press ALT-F2 or open a terminal and type gconf-editor. Navigate to /apps/metacity/general and change the button_layout to :minimize,maximize,close (the : must be in front).

Of course, you also could specify :maximize,minimize,close ....

Hot keys for the brave

So your GUI is stuck ....

To open a console terminal (no GUI):

CTRL-ALT F1
... same for F2 to F6 (so you can have 6 different terminals)

Then you can for instance restart the Window manager:

sudo restart lightdm

To go back to the desktop:

CTRL-ALT F7

To see boot system messages

CTRL-ALT F8

To restart the X server (your GUI)

CTRL-ALT BACKSPACE

Packages

Basically, an end-user can do most of this stuff with a GUI tool, i.e. the synaptic package administrator. However it is good to know a few command line things for 2 reasons:

• You may have damaged your desktop when trying to install a new video driver
• It's sometimes faster. In particular when you see on some website that this and this package should be installed in this and that order ...

A list of command-line stuff (you must be root or add "sudo" in front of each). Sometimes there are equivalent commands for abt-get and aptitude. See the apt howto at Debian.

Installing packages from a package archive

To fix the ubuntu archive mirrors

(if you can, you can also do this from the desktop package manager) Edit /etc/apt/sources.list

You should at least have:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy main universe multiverse restricted
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy-updates main universe multiverse restricted

... but the it's better to use a nearby mirror, e.g. for Switzerland:

deb http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/mirror/ubuntu/  (... same for the rest ...)

To check if there are any partially installed packages. It will try to complete these installations.

 dpkg --configure -a

To find a package XXX

 aptitude search XXX

Installing

apt-get install XXX

If this fails because of dependency issues, you then can try:

apt-get -f install

Cleaning and such

To detect and fix dependency problems

 aptitude -f install

To remove packages from the local cache

 apt-get clean

To update the package list

 aptitude update

To reinstall a package XXX that seems to be broken

 apt-get --reinstall install XXX

Upgrading

To upgrade conservatively

 aptitude safe-upgrade

To upgrade with a an message showing packages

 apt-get -u upgrade

To upgrade to a new release

 apt-get -u dist-upgrade

Removing

To really remove package XXXX

 apt-get --purge remove XXXX

If a package doesn't want to go (e.g. something went wrong during install, e.g. a decompression error and a crash in the middle of the install) and an installer (or you) wants it go, look for the package in /var/lib/dpkg/status and make it install ok installed Followed by:

 apt-get remove --purge XXXX
 apt-get update
 apt-get dist-upgrade (or whatever you planned to install)

Installing deb files

Sometimes, software is distributed as package for download, i.e. a *.deb file

To install it:

 dpkg -i XXX.deb

If you run into dependency error messages you'll have to add packages (no problem) or remove packages (avoid !).

Example (for the eXe eLearning authoring system):

 dpkg -i python2.5-exe_1.04.0.3532-ubuntu1_i386.deb

will give:

 Unpacking python2.5-exe (from python2.5-exe_1.04.0.3532-ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
 dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of python2.5-exe:
 python2.5-exe depends on python-zopeinterface (>= 3.0.0-6); however:
 Package python-zopeinterface is not installed.
 dpkg: error processing python2.5-exe (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured

First thing to do is to try something like:

 apt-get install python-zopeinterface

Information about packages

xxx is the package name or package file (*.deb) name

Getting information about a package

apt-cache search xxx

apt-cache showpkg xxx

apt-cache show xxx

To find a package on your system, if you know a file name

dpkg -S xxx_file_name

or

apt-file search filename

To list all packages and search for a name.

dpkg -l | grep xxx

To extract a deb file without really installing it

dpkg --unpack xxx.deb

To list the contents of a package file

dpkg -c xxx.deb

Holding packages

In theory:

apt-make hold packagename

However, this doesn't seem to work as expected, i.e. Ubuntu will try to update dependencies of a package that you not want to upgrade. For exemple if your package uses and old Java, it will try to update it, although it is gone from the repository.

Edit file /var/lib/dpkg/status

• Remove unwanted old packages from Dependencies:

Boot files

List all installed images:

 dpkg -l linux-image-\* | grep ^ii

If the following does not work (e.g. because the file partition is full):

sudo apt-get purge linux-image-3.2.0-55

try:

sudo dpkg --purge linux-image-3.2.0-55-generic
... etc.

Then, in order to complete a previous failed installation:

sudo apt-get -f install

Finally, now clean a whole lot of other old ones, eg.

sudo apt-get purge linux-image-3.2.0-58 linux-image-3.2.0-59 linux-image-3.2.0-60 linux-image-3.2.0-61

And remove other stuff you don't need

sudo apt-get autoremove

Printers

Printers don't necessarily work automatically either:

A good bet is to use this application:

• http://localhost:631/admin

Before you do so, it is like that you need a a PPD file (a file that defines properties of your postscript printer). Get it from:

• http://openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi

Example Infotec

Example for Infotec ISC 1032 (A low end color copy and printer machine)

• Look at the entry:
  • http://openprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=Infotec-ISC1032
• Get the PPD file (and copy it anywhere) ** http://openprinting.org/foomatic-db/db/source/PPD/Infotec/PS/Infotec-ISC1032_PS.ppd
• Then, start http://localhost:631/admin in your browser and when asked upload the PPD file
• Finally configure the printer (e.g. define paper size, trays and stuff).
• If CUPs printing doesn't work, use "HP JeDirect" and port 9100.

X Windows

We run a few sun servers and I prefer to run emacs (GUI) on a remote machine instead of mounting all these file systems. Also I prefer to have a root terminal open instead of typing 'sudo' all the time. If you want allow for this:

Reconfigure the window manager (gdm)

• Edit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf and change:

DisallowTCP=true

• Then, you'll need to restart your X session (Ctrl + Alt + Backspace)

Allow remote hosts to connect

• Then you can allow certain hosts to connect e.g. to allow root on your own machine type

xhost + localhost

• To allow somebody on a different machine, type:

xhost + xxx.yyy.zzz

• It's important not to to type 'xhost +'. Since anyone may then connect to your screen. However, type xhost + something is boring, so it's more practical to edit /etc/X0.hosts. Just put the names or IP numbers of authorized machines there.

If it doesn't work

You can install nmap to scan ports (X is on 6000).

• If you don't have nmap:

sudo apt-get install nmap

• Then type (as user):

nmap -v -A localhost

In some cases you may have to define the display of your machine on your client machine. On your client machine type something like:

export DISPLAY=xxx.yyy.zzz:0

or

setenv DISPLAY xxx.yyy.zzz:0

Or more practical, log into the the client machine like this:

ssh -XY

Java

By default Ubuntu comes with some Java compatible version that is free. For some applications though, you need Java 7 or 8 from Oracle (Java formerly was made by Sun)

Java 8

(tested with Ubuntu 14.x LTS)

Read this:

• http://www.webupd8.org/2012/09/install-oracle-java-8-in-ubuntu-via-ppa.html

Install it:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer

Test it:

java -version

You should see something like

java version "1.8.0_77"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_77-b03)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.77-b03, mixed mode)

Java 7 (depracated)

Read this:

• https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Java
• http://www.webupd8.org/2012/01/install-oracle-java-jdk-7-in-ubuntu-via.html

Worked for me (thanx webupd8 !!!)

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer

End of trace:

...
Oracle JDK 7 installed

u pdate-alternatives: using /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-oracle/jre/lib/amd64/libnpjp2.so to provide /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins/libnpjp2.so (libnpjp2.so) in auto mode.

Oracle JRE 7 browser plugin installed

java -version gives:

java version "1.7.0_07"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_07-b10)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 23.3-b01, mixed mode)

Summary:

• You can get Sun Java as Ubuntu package in various ways.
• Note: If you already have a free Java installed, then you could consider making the Sun version the default (also explained in the above doc).

Sound

Sound may not work either.

• Install all the ALSA stuff (e.g. via the synaptic package manager)
• Then test with Menu System->Preferences-Sound
• Then set the right default volume with Menu Applications->Sound and Video->ALSA Mixer GUID (in particular PCM ! It may be as simple as that ...)

Sound trouble ?

If sound doesn't work search the Ubuntu forums: http://ubuntuforums.org/. A particular good overview posting was:

• http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=205449&highlight=alc861vd

To list you sound hardware, type:

  aplay -l

If there are none, type:

  lspci -v

... and search through the list until you find something like:

 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) High Definition Audio Controller (rev 01)

This means that you do have a sound card, but that the drivers or something else is missing....

Anyhow it may take some time (between a few minutes and a few days) to find a solution. Often, the only thing you'd have to do is to add a line to /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base (needs root permissions). I have for my DELL/Sigmatel:

 options snd-hda-intel model=ref

Then, reboot !

Note: To list all drivers on your machine, type:

lsmod

If I understand right, drivers are kernel modules.

Application hints

Rhythmbox

To edit a playlist (i.e. reorder items), there are two options

• You can drag items up and down (untick "browse" in the View menu, if you need more space)
• You can edit the XML (better for very large lists, maybe do a save before you do this)

.local/share/rhythmbox/playlists.xml

Also, it's a good idea to remember that you can copy this file, if you decide to re-install your machine and start with a clean/new setup

Who else has Linux nearby ?

sudo nmap -O xxx.yyy.zzz.1-255 | grep "Running: " | sort | uniq -c

Non-standard software

Some organization maintain their own Debian/Ubuntu package servers.

Mediabuntu

Read this:

• http://www.futuredesktop.org/
• https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Medibuntu

Skype

E.g. to install Skype, you could

• Add the Skype repository like this in the Synaptic Package Manager (through settings->Repositories->Third-Party Software)

deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian/ stable non-free

• Reload or update the package information and search for "skype"
• Install the skype package.

Google Chrome

wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add - 
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google.list'
sudo apt-get install google-chrome-stable

Security

• http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net/faq.html

SSH Keys

• Generating New, More Secure SSH Keys by Pat Regan
• Improving the security of your SSH private key files by Martin Kleppmann

Firewall

Show

sudo ufw status
sudo ufw --help

To allow port 7777 for tcp for everyone:

sudo ufw allow 7777/tcp

To allow port 2049 for TCP and UDP for a given IP (replace your_ip_number with your IP number)

sudo ufw allow from your_ip_number to any port 2049 proto tcp 
sudo ufw allow from your_ip_number to any port 2049 proto udp 

To allow everything from a given IP

sudo ufw allow from ip_number_here

After that, reload the firewall:

sudo ufw reload

Opinions and alternatives

Add yours ...

DKS

• Daniel K. Schneider uses Ubuntu since March 2007, because he got fed up with Mandriva updates not working correctly. I hate all OS's (Unix, Mac, Win) but prefer to work on Unix because it's fairly stable and appropriate for what I do. I also do have Windows machines for doing stuff that needs Win 7. (E.g. Flash, word processing with Framemaker, X3D, Games). Our servers (e.g. for this wiki) run mostly under Ubuntu too. Before we ran Solaris which is much more difficult to install and maintain but extra solid.

• Indeed (it's now August 2007 and I went through a major upgrade) I find that Ubuntu and its packaging system is far more robust. Though I once failed with a non supported package, i.e. Cinelerra that I got from another site. It installed, but crashed on start. Have to try again at some point.

• If your applications crash (e.g. Firefox) check your bloody RAM. It may be defective and you can loose 3 days of work trying to reinstall when there is absolutely no need. Ubuntu is solid, even if the installation can be messy !

• I don't like the new 12.04 Desktop. Not very efficient for people who know what they are doing (see the installation notes on top)

Alternatives

• Linux Mint, can be described as some kind of easier to use Ubuntu. There is also a Linux Mint Debian Edition that is directly based on Debian and it may be of interest to people who want to be closer to Debian. Both editions should behave in the same way. Read the Wikipedia article and Linux Mint 15 A better Ubuntu for the desktop (May 2013).

• If you dislike Unity (the standard Ubuntu 12x desktop) you also could just user another one, e.g. Cinnamon. Read how to Install latest Cinnamon 1.6.4 in Ubuntu 12.10/12.04/Linux Mint

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gwendal-lebihan-dev/cinnamon-stable
sudo apt-get update 
sudo apt-get install cinnamon

Then, log out and you will have the option to use Cinnamon. The normal Ubuntu Desktop will remain there and you can therefore switch back easily....

Links

(there are many others)

Official

• http://www.ubuntu.com/ (home page)
• https://help.ubuntu.com/ (help pages)
• http://ubuntuforums.org/

Other

• http://ubuntuguide.org/