Pictographic language: Difference between revisions

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== Pictographic language systems ==
== Pictographic language systems ==
The first pictographic languages created in the last century were aimed at improving communication between different cultures. Therapeutic systems (but mostly systems based on picture or icon collections) then became increasingly popular.


=== Iconji ===
=== Iconji ===
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iConji, according to its [http://www.iconji.com/ homepage], uses about 1200 colorful characters. Apps can then translate from and to several languages. i.e. Chinese, English, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, Swahili, and Swedish.
iConji, according to its [http://www.iconji.com/ homepage], uses about 1200 colorful characters. Apps can then translate from and to several languages. i.e. Chinese, English, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, Swahili, and Swedish.
Example sentence ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IConji Wikipedia])
<gallery widths="32px" heights="32px" perrow="5">
File:iConji-coffee.png|<center>coffee</center>
File:iConji-at.png|<center>at</center>
File:iConji-4.png|<center>four</center>
File:iConji-clock.png|<center>o'clock</center>
File:iConji-question.png|<center>question</center>
</gallery>


There is an [http://app.iconji.com/explore online search form] (e.g. see [http://app.iconji.com/explore?search=problem&commit=Search&language=english "problem"]) and a [http://www.iconji.com/explore/reverse.php list of iConji pictures] for reverse search.
There is an [http://app.iconji.com/explore online search form] (e.g. see [http://app.iconji.com/explore?search=problem&commit=Search&language=english "problem"]) and a [http://www.iconji.com/explore/reverse.php list of iConji pictures] for reverse search.
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'''Origin and purposes'''
'''Origin and purposes'''


According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blissymbols Wikipedia], Blissymbols or Blissymbolics was conceived as an ideographic writing system called Semantography consisting of several hundred basic symbols, each representing a concept, which can be composed together to generate new symbols that represent new concepts. Blisssymbols also have been used to teach disabled people to communicate.
According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blissymbols Wikipedia], [[Blissymbols]] or Blissymbolics was conceived as an ideographic writing system called Semantography consisting of several hundred basic symbols, each representing a concept, which can be composed together to generate new symbols that represent new concepts. Blisssymbols also have been used to teach disabled people to communicate.


[[File:Bliss_cinema.png|thumbnail|right|300px|I want to got to the cinema ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Writing/Selected_article#/media/File:Bliss_cinema.png source])|]]
[[File:Bliss_cinema.png|thumbnail|right|300px|I want to go to the cinema ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Writing/Selected_article#/media/File:Bliss_cinema.png source])|I want to go to the cinema]]


According to a [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n1866.pdf Unicode font proposal], {{quotation|Blissymbolics form an ideographic writing system, like Chinese, with its own grammar and syntax. This language is, today, primarily used by people with physical and cognitive handicaps of various kinds (for instance, those associated with cerebral palsy), and is promoted by the organization Blissymbolics Communication International.}} Interestly, they also make the following statement: {{quotation|Blissymbolics were developed in the middle of the twentieth century by Charles Bliss as a “universal” language that (he hoped) could cut across national boundaries and facilitate international communication and peace. Like other utopian languages, Blissymbolics’ popularity fell short of the designs of their creator – although their present-day use as the primary language of people who might otherwise have no means of communicating at all is more of a blessing to them, their families, and their communities, than any utopian language could hope to be.}}
According to a [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n1866.pdf Unicode font proposal], {{quotation|Blissymbolics form an ideographic writing system, like Chinese, with its own grammar and syntax. This language is, today, primarily used by people with physical and cognitive handicaps of various kinds (for instance, those associated with cerebral palsy), and is promoted by the organization Blissymbolics Communication International.}} Interestly, they also make the following statement: {{quotation|Blissymbolics were developed in the middle of the twentieth century by Charles Bliss as a “universal” language that (he hoped) could cut across national boundaries and facilitate international communication and peace. Like other utopian languages, Blissymbolics’ popularity fell short of the designs of their creator – although their present-day use as the primary language of people who might otherwise have no means of communicating at all is more of a blessing to them, their families, and their communities, than any utopian language could hope to be.}}


'''Semantic Architecture'''
* Read more in [[Blissymbols]]
 
== Traditional systems ==
 
=== Dongba ===
 
* See [[Dongba symbols]]
{|
|+ align=bottom| ''Facing pages of a Naxi manuscript, displaying both pictographic ''dongba'' and smaller syllabic ''geba.'' (Wikipedia)
| [[Image:Naxi manuscript (left) 2087.jpg|237px]]||[[Image:Naxi manuscript (right) 2088.jpg|244px]]
|}
 
For other examples, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writing_systems#Pictographic/ideographic_writing_systems List of writing systems] (Wikipedia)
 
== Therapeutic systems ==
 
While Blisssymbols are also used in therapy, some systems were exclusively designed for therapy. These systems help communication and do not necessairly involve grammar. E.g. most of the time, simple single pictures are being used.
 
=== Picture exchange communication system  ===
 
According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Exchange_Communication_System Wikipedia] (oct 2015),


{{quotation|The grammar of Blissymbols is based on a certain interpretation of nature, dividing it into matter (material things), energy (actions), and human values (mental evaluations). In an ordinary language, these would give place respectively to substantives, verbs, and adjectives. In Blissymbols, they are marked respectively by a small square symbol, a small cone symbol, and a small V or inverted cone. These symbols may be placed above any other symbol, turning it respectively into a “thing”, an “action”, and an “evaluation” [...] When a symbol is not marked by any of the three grammar symbols (square, cone, inverted cone), they may be a non material thing, a grammatical particle, etc.}} ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blissymbols Wikipedia, oct 2015]).
[[File:pecs6.gif|right|thumbnail|400px|[http://trainland.tripod.com/pecs6.htm Pecs Pictures Page Six] (Beyond Autism)]]{{quotation|The Picture Exchange Communication System ('''PECS''') is a form of augmentative and alternative communication produced by Pyramid Educational Consultants, Inc. While the system is commonly used as a communication aid for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it has been used with a wide variety of learners, from preschoolers to adults, who have various communicative, cognitive, and physical impairments, including cerebral palsy, blindness, and deafness.}}


[http://www.blissymbolics.org/index.php/how-is-bliss-used/48-how-bliss-works Blissymbolics Communication International] provides a similar definition: {{quotation|Blissymbolics makes use of core symbols (Bliss-characters), many of which are intuitive and pictographic. They can be arranged to produce Bliss-words that can represent complex and abstract, yet easy-to-understand meanings. There are around 100 basic symbols, which can be combined endlessly to form new concepts. Nouns can be changed into verbs or adjectives with the addition of an indicator, and there are also simple past and future tenses. Bliss has simple, elegant, logically based rules, that make it ideal as a non-phonetically based language.}}
PECS has been designed for therapeutic use and its training includes protocol includes going [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Exchange_Communication_System#PECS%20Protocol through several phases]. In this section we only will look at symbols and phrases that can be formed.


In other words, bliss words are made from a limited symbol graphical language that includes pictograms (look what they represent), idographs (representing abstract ideas) plus other symbols. E.g. the blisssymbol for an airplane, includes two blisssymbols: a wheel plus wings. The "want" word is represented as "heart" plus a "serpentine" modifier" plus an "action indicator".
PECS symbols are mostly drawings of an object or a situation. There exist an official copyright catalogue of PECS signs, but it seems that many people create their own. In phase one, Each patient then will receive a small deck of cards that represent objects he wants and that he can show in exchange for the real object. In phase three, discrimination between symbols is taught. Using simple phrases with sentence openenrs, e.g. "I want ______" is taught in phase 4 only.  


'''Graphic architecture'''
=== Picture communication symbols ===


[http://www.blissymbolics.org/images/bliss-rules.pdf The fundamental rules of Blissymbolics: creating new Blissymbolics characters and vocabulary], document describing the basic structure of the Blisssymbolics language, is a fairly complex read that explains both the logic of the bliss language and detailed graphic aspects. The shorter[http://blissym.com/blisscii/index.html Blissym Code for Information Interchange] explains the fundamental compositional graphics principles: {{quotation|Blissymbols are composed on a grid. There are 5 vertical zones defined by 5 lines and 5 horizontal zones. Compositional fonts such as
Picture communication symbols (PCS) does not refer to a precise system, but to the general idea that symbols can be used to communicate. For example, it seems that many parents with autistic children use their own picture communication symbols and may will trade their set on the Internet, e.g. see the links in [https://sites.google.com/site/speaking4autism/information/free-picture-symbol-resources speaking 4 autism] or the nice selection in [http://trainland.tripod.com/ Beyond Autism]
'''Fonts'''


Bliss symblos are standardized in ISO/IEC 2022 (a registry of character sets) and in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15924 ISO 15924]. However, there is no official Unicode '''font''' yet (i.e. you cannot find Bliss fonts on a standard computer). However, inclusion is underway.
'''Software''':
* [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Roadmap to the SMP] (Unicode.org, 8.0.1, 2015-08-17) and [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n1866.pdf ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N1866]
* [http://www.pictoselector.eu/ Picto-selector] (a Windows application for creating visual schedules)


According to the unicode font proposal, {{quotation|Graphically, Blissymbols are built out of a relatively small set of shapes (lines, curves, and dots) which are combined in a strictly controlled matrix in the x and y axes. Relative position (vertical height and horizontal distance) is important for their recognition as well as their construction. The “earthline” and “skyline” form the reference points for vertical distinctions. Blissymbols are written from left to right. Blissymbolics do not benefit from the use of a wide variety of fonts. Consistency is the æsthetic striven for, rather than variety. It is proposed that the encoding for Blissymbolics in the UCS be ideographic, like Chinese. Blissymbols combine with one another in the horizontal plane, with a small set of combining characters which serves to give verbs tense, identify plurals, and to differentiate nouns from verbs and adjectives.}}
=== ARASAAC Augmentive and Alternative Communicación Symbol Set ===
[[image:ARASAAC-illustration.png|thumb|left|200px|Augmentative and Alternative Systems of Communication (AAC). Illustrations from [http://arasaac.org Arasaac] ]]
[https://arasaac.org/ ARASAAC], the Aragonese Center of Augmentative and Alternative Communication defines a Symbol set and resources for Augmentive and Alternative Communicación (AAC).


But there are unofficial fonts that can be installed.
The website offers a large collection of symbols, of activities based on these symbols as well as online tools to build and distribute both. These assets are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.undefined Creative Commons License BY-NC-SA]


* Blissymbolics were standardized as ISO-IR 169 a double-byte character set in 1993 including 2384 fixed characters whereas the BCI Unicode proposal suggests 886 characters that then can be combined.
=== Tangible symbol systems ===
* [http://blissym.com/ http://blissym.com/] includes TTF fonts and a Metafont. Under Windows, the TTF fonts seem to work well in Word. To install these, download to a writable directory and click on the file name. Under Ubuntu, Firefox will directly open the font installer. Open Office seems to work with the font. In both cases (Word/win and LibreOffice/Ubuntu, you have to find a way to enter the characters. In LibreOffice, use <code>Menu Insert->Insert special character</code>. Under Windows, either use the '''Character Map''' acessory (preferable) or <code>Menu Insert; Select Symbol, More Symbols</code> (to the right of the Panel).
* [http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/dasher/development/bliss/newfonts/seb/SuperSemantic.ttf the SuperSemantic font]. Clicking on this link should install the font that you then can use in a browser or other tool. E.g. see [http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/dasher/development/bliss/txt/index.shtml this page] (you may have to force your browser to display Unicode). However, this font cannot display everything correctly.


'''Fonts on the Internet'''
According to Wikipedia (oct 2015), {{quotation|Tangible symbols are a type of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)] that uses objects or pictures that share a perceptual relationship with the items they represent as symbols. A tangible symbol's relation to the item it represents is perceptually obvious and concrete - the visual or tactile properties of the symbol resemble the intended item. Tangible Symbols can easily be manipulated and are most strongly associated with the sense of touch.These symbols can be used by individuals who are not able to communicate using speech or other abstract symbol systems, such as sign language.}}


Current Blisssymbols fonts only will display if they are either installed on your system or shipped with the web page in the form of a [[WOFF]] file.
There are two main types of symbols:
* Concrete symbols have a clear physical relationship to their referents. For example, a laptop computer would be represented by a figurine of laptop.
* Abstract symbols such as the ones that are used in Blissymbols have and arbitrary relationship to the referent.


Test for system fonts (using the fonts we introduced above):
[[File:Doblo-icon-brick-burger.png|thumb|Lego-compatible 2 1/2 D burger brick.]]
* Test of "feeling symbol" using the SuperSemantic font: [<span style="font-family:Supersemantic"></span>] You should see a heart symbol between the brackets.
According to [https://www.osepideasthatwork.org/toolkit/pdf/TangibleSymbol%20Systems.pdf Rowland and Schweigert], tangible symbols are a subset of Concrete Symbols and can be either three-dimensional objects or two-dimensional pictures or (our addition) 2D 1/2 objects, i.e. pictures with a relief such as the nice hamburger to the right.
* Test of "feeling symbol" using the Blisssym8 font: <span style="font-family:Blissym">[  ]</span>. You also should see a heart.


Telling people to install fonts is not a good solution. You can ship fonts with CSS using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format WOFF] fonts. There is also a MS proprietary EOT standard, e.g. used in the otherwise useful [http://blissym.com/blisscii/index.html Blissym Code for Information Interchange] page.
Tangible symbols have the following properties:
{{quotationbox|
* They bear a clear perceptual relationship to a referent (that is, they are iconic), making lower demands on cognitive abilities than do abstract symbols. The relationship between the symbol and the referent is obvious to the individual user, since it is based on the user’s own experience.
* They are '''permanent''', making lower demands on the user’s memory than do speech and signs, which must be pulled out of “thin air,”utilizing recall memory. Tangible symbols need only be recognized out of  a permanent display of  symbols, thus utilizing recognition memory,  a more basic cognitive skill.
* They are '''manipulable'''. They may be picked up and handed to someone or placed next to a referent.  Thus,  a literal exchange of  information is possible through the communication act.
* They may be indicated through a '''simple motor response''' such as eye pointing, touching or pointing, placing low demands on the user’s fine motor abilities.
* Finally, three-dimensional symbols may be useful for people without sight, since they are '''tactually discriminable'''.}}
(Rowland and Schweigert, 2000: 5)


To translate TTF to [[WOFF]], use one of the tools listed in Wikipedia's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format#External_links WOFF page]. A simple example is in our [[WOFF]] article.
According to [http://www.designtolearn.com/uploaded/pdf/Tangible-Symbols-Primer-07-09x.pdf Rowland and Schweigert]'s primer, {{quotation|tangible symbols should be constructed for each individual user, capitalizing on the features of the referents that are most meaningful to him or her.}}. This implies that longer periods of testing are required in order to find/create the right symbols. The authors designed a ''tangible symbols pretest'' that helps determining what type of symbol to start with.  


Test of "scoped CSS": As of oct. 2015 you should see Bliss symbols if you look at this with Chrome:
Procedure: {{quotation| The typical format is to present a different preferred item to the learner at each trial. The item remains tactually or visually present to the learner but he does not yet get it. Now an array of symbols is presented (randomly vary the position of the correct symbol in the array) and the individual should indicate the symbol that corresponds to the presented item. If he does so, then allow the learner to briefly interact with that item. If he responds incorrectly (that is, he does not select the corresponding symbol/item or does not respond at all) then show the correct response and proceed to the next trial. }} ([https://www.osepideasthatwork.org/toolkit/pdf/TangibleSymbol%20Systems.pdf Rowland and Schweigert], 2000: 24)


<div id="scoped-content">
== A minimal set of symbol categories ? ==
<style type="text/css" scoped>
@font-face {font-family: 'MyBliss'; src:url('BLISSYM.woff') format('woff');url('BLISSYM.woff2') format('woff2');}
</style>
<span style="font-family:MyBliss;color:blue;">[  ]</span>
</div>


'''Tools'''
Languages usually have (somewhat) clearly identified parts of spech elements, i.e. types of words that can be combined into sentences respecting some kind of grammar. Some pictographic languages (e.g. Bliss) do have grammatical indcators on symbols, others like PECS do not.


* [http://www.symbolforwindows.eu/en/SfW/blisseditor Bliss Editor] (Win, commercial)
'''Word categories (part of speech categories)'''
* [http://jfbouzereau.free.fr/BLISS/bliss0.html Bliss tools] is a multipurpose tool for composing sentences, drawing new words, searching by components, etc. As of oct. 2015 it's alpha, i.e. a prototype, but usable. Available as Java *.jar file, i.e. runs on any computer that has Java installed.


'''Symbol list'''
* iConji: Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, possessive


* [http://www.the-symbols.net/blissymbolics/ Blissymbolics Resources] (the-symbols.net)
* Traditional grammar: Noun (+case), verb (+tense), adjective, adverb, pronouns, numerals, determiner(?), connectors (=conjunctions).
* [http://www.symbolnet.org/bliss/BCI-AV_2014-12-05_%28en+deriv+es+sv%29_symbols-draft-3.pdf PDF with the complete current authorized lexicon (Dec. 2014)] (> 500 pages)
 
* Minimal: Thing, action, qualifier
 
* Composite: Subject-object-verb, subject-verb-object, OVS, OSV, combined with connectors and positions as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban Lojban]
 
* A simplified [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language Topic-comment structure] ? (sentences are structured around topics and their qualification by comments).
 
'''Number of words'''
* In orde to express most things in most languages, you need between 1000 and 3000 words.
 
'''Use of compounds'''
* word = word + word
* word = word + modifier
 
'''Icon elements'''
 
* Basic shapes: points, lines, circles, squares
* Combinations, e.g. arrows.
* Shapes representing real world objects
* Modifier symbols (e.g. rays, question mark) to convey action, styte, direction
* Aggregations of all of the above, e.g. "no smoking" is "cigarette + a traffic sign)
 
See [http://www.ia.hiof.no/~sk/interactiondesign/chapter11.pdf The Resonant Interface HCI Foundations for Interaction Design], First Edition, by Steven Heim (slides)
 
'''Combination'''
 
* [http://ontology4.us/english/News/detail.61.html Ontology for us] used Blisssymbols as starting point to represent compound concepts. For example:
: <code> ^Taste +higher ^GoodTaste</code>
: <code> ~shout +Intensity ~scream</code>


== Systems used with primates ==
== Systems used with primates ==
Line 97: Line 157:
* Specialized notation languages, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig Therblig], 18 kinds of elemental motions used in the study of motion economy in the workplace.
* Specialized notation languages, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig Therblig], 18 kinds of elemental motions used in the study of motion economy in the workplace.
* Picture languages like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language) Isotype] that allow to convey more complex concepts through a single icon or a combination.
* Picture languages like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language) Isotype] that allow to convey more complex concepts through a single icon or a combination.
* Sign languages for people with hearing disabilities also (implicitly) contain pictograms.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language Sign languages] for people with hearing disabilities also (implicitly) contain pictograms (static or dynamic hand signs). However they are modified by non-manual signs. On the other hand, there attempts to create notations (e.g. the pictoral [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SignWriting SignWriting] or the more phonetic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASL-phabet ASL-phabet]).


== Links ==
== Links ==


=== Summaries of various languages ===
=== Summaries of various pictographic languages ===
 
'''iConj'''


* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IConji IConji] (Wikipedia)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IConji IConji] (Wikipedia)
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* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/blissymbolics.htm Blissymbolics Blissymbolics] (Omniglot)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/blissymbolics.htm Blissymbolics Blissymbolics] (Omniglot)
* [http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Blis Blissymbols] (Script source). Provides some information on scripted fonts.
* [http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Blis Blissymbols] (Script source). Provides some information on scripted fonts.
* [http://ontology4.us/p1/BlissSymbolics/index.html Blisssymbolics] (ontology4.us)
'''Dongba''''
* [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11178-n4043.pdf Revised Proposal for Encoding Naxi Dongba Pictographic script] (PDF) (Unicode)


=== Online tutorials ===
=== Online tutorials ===
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* [http://www.iconji.com/ iConji]
* [http://www.iconji.com/ iConji]
* [http://www.pecsusa.com/pecs.php What is PECS?] (PECS USA)


=== How to ===
=== How to ===


* [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] (meant for "real" constructed spoken and written languages, but nevertheless useful)
* [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] (meant for "real" constructed spoken and written languages, but nevertheless useful)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080618214613/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Main_Page LangMake] (dead website, available through wayback machine). For example, its long list of [http://web.archive.org/web/20080626202448/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Langmaker:Neographies Neographies]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080618214613/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Main_Page LangMake] (dead website, available through wayback machine). For example, its long list of [http://web.archive.org/web/20080626202448/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Langmaker:Neographies Neographies]


=== About other natural and artificial languages ===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech Part of Speech] (Wikipedia)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication Augmentative and alternative communication] (Wikipedia)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_symbol_systems Tangible symbol systems] (Wikipedia)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language Constructed languages] (Wikipedia)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua Interlingua] (example of an artificial naturalist language, wikipedia)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_language Artificial language] (Wikipedia).


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
Line 134: Line 211:


* Claudia Wood, Jinny Storr, Peter A. Reich, eds. 1992. Blissymbol Reference Guide. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication International. ISBN 0-969-05169-7 ISO-IR 169. Codes for the Blissymbol Graphic Character Set.
* Claudia Wood, Jinny Storr, Peter A. Reich, eds. 1992. Blissymbol Reference Guide. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication International. ISBN 0-969-05169-7 ISO-IR 169. Codes for the Blissymbol Graphic Character Set.
* Bondy, A.S., and L. Frost. 2001. "The Picture Exchange Communication System." ''Behav Modif.'' 25(5):725-744.
* Bondy, A.S. 2001. "PECS: Potential benefits and risks." ''The Behavior Analyst Today'' 2:127-132.
* Conklin, C. G. (2011-03-01). Effects of implementing the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with  adults with developmental disabilities and severe communication deficits.(Report). Remedial and special education, 32(2), 155-166.
* Poupard, Duncan (2019) Revitalising Naxi dongba as a ‘pictographic’ vernacular script, Journal of Chinese Writing Systems, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2513850218814405
* Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. Tangible symbol systems primer. Design to learn website. pp.&nbsp;1–20. [http://www.designtolearn.com/uploaded/pdf/Tangible-Symbols-Primer-07-09x.pdf PDF]
* Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. (1989). Tangible symbols: Symbolic communication for individuals with  multisensory impairments. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 5(4), 226-234.
* Rowland, C. & Schweigert, P. (2000). Tangible Symbol Systems, second edition, [https://www.osepideasthatwork.org/toolkit/pdf/TangibleSymbol%20Systems.pdf PDF]
* Rowland, C. & Schweigert, P. (2000b). Tangible symbols, tangible outcomes. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16 (2), 61-78


* McDonald, Eugene T. 1980. Teaching and using Blissymbolics: written for use by instructors of communicatively impaired persons. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0-9690516-8-9
* McDonald, Eugene T. 1980. Teaching and using Blissymbolics: written for use by instructors of communicatively impaired persons. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0-9690516-8-9


* McNaughton, Shirley, ed. 1985. Communicating with Blissymbolics. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0-9690516-3-8
* McNaughton, Shirley, ed. 1985. Communicating with Blissymbolics. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0-9690516-3-8
[[Category: Pictographic languages]]

Latest revision as of 11:32, 15 January 2022

Introduction

A pictographic language allows people to communicate via pictograms. The content of a "sentence" typically would include a sequence of standardized pictures (pictograms, icons,...). It thus could replace more difficult to learn trade languages or International auxiliary langauges like Esperanto or Volapük.

The earliest systems can be found in the neolithic period and later in some mesoamerican writing systems (Wikipedia), e.g. Aztec.

Today's systems represent constructed languages (conlangs). Its best known ones were invented in the last century.

Pictographic language systems

The first pictographic languages created in the last century were aimed at improving communication between different cultures. Therapeutic systems (but mostly systems based on picture or icon collections) then became increasingly popular.

Iconji

According to Wikipedia, “iConji is a free pictographic communication system based on an open, visual vocabulary of characters with built-in translations for most major languages.”. A first version was released for the Apple iOS and Web browsers in 2010.

iConji, according to its homepage, uses about 1200 colorful characters. Apps can then translate from and to several languages. i.e. Chinese, English, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, Swahili, and Swedish.

Example sentence (Wikipedia)

  • coffee
    coffee
  • at
    at
  • four
    four
  • o'clock
    o'clock
  • question
    question

There is an online search form (e.g. see "problem") and a list of iConji pictures for reverse search.

Blissymbols

Origin and purposes

According to Wikipedia, Blissymbols or Blissymbolics was conceived as an ideographic writing system called Semantography consisting of several hundred basic symbols, each representing a concept, which can be composed together to generate new symbols that represent new concepts. Blisssymbols also have been used to teach disabled people to communicate.

I want to go to the cinema

According to a Unicode font proposal, “Blissymbolics form an ideographic writing system, like Chinese, with its own grammar and syntax. This language is, today, primarily used by people with physical and cognitive handicaps of various kinds (for instance, those associated with cerebral palsy), and is promoted by the organization Blissymbolics Communication International.” Interestly, they also make the following statement: “Blissymbolics were developed in the middle of the twentieth century by Charles Bliss as a “universal” language that (he hoped) could cut across national boundaries and facilitate international communication and peace. Like other utopian languages, Blissymbolics’ popularity fell short of the designs of their creator – although their present-day use as the primary language of people who might otherwise have no means of communicating at all is more of a blessing to them, their families, and their communities, than any utopian language could hope to be.”

Traditional systems

Dongba

Facing pages of a Naxi manuscript, displaying both pictographic dongba and smaller syllabic geba. (Wikipedia)
Naxi manuscript (left) 2087.jpg Naxi manuscript (right) 2088.jpg

For other examples, see List of writing systems (Wikipedia)

Therapeutic systems

While Blisssymbols are also used in therapy, some systems were exclusively designed for therapy. These systems help communication and do not necessairly involve grammar. E.g. most of the time, simple single pictures are being used.

Picture exchange communication system

According to Wikipedia (oct 2015),

Pecs Pictures Page Six (Beyond Autism)

“The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a form of augmentative and alternative communication produced by Pyramid Educational Consultants, Inc. While the system is commonly used as a communication aid for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it has been used with a wide variety of learners, from preschoolers to adults, who have various communicative, cognitive, and physical impairments, including cerebral palsy, blindness, and deafness.”

PECS has been designed for therapeutic use and its training includes protocol includes going through several phases. In this section we only will look at symbols and phrases that can be formed.

PECS symbols are mostly drawings of an object or a situation. There exist an official copyright catalogue of PECS signs, but it seems that many people create their own. In phase one, Each patient then will receive a small deck of cards that represent objects he wants and that he can show in exchange for the real object. In phase three, discrimination between symbols is taught. Using simple phrases with sentence openenrs, e.g. "I want ______" is taught in phase 4 only.

Picture communication symbols

Picture communication symbols (PCS) does not refer to a precise system, but to the general idea that symbols can be used to communicate. For example, it seems that many parents with autistic children use their own picture communication symbols and may will trade their set on the Internet, e.g. see the links in speaking 4 autism or the nice selection in Beyond Autism

Software:

ARASAAC Augmentive and Alternative Communicación Symbol Set

Augmentative and Alternative Systems of Communication (AAC). Illustrations from Arasaac

ARASAAC, the Aragonese Center of Augmentative and Alternative Communication defines a Symbol set and resources for Augmentive and Alternative Communicación (AAC).

The website offers a large collection of symbols, of activities based on these symbols as well as online tools to build and distribute both. These assets are available under a Creative Commons License BY-NC-SA

Tangible symbol systems

According to Wikipedia (oct 2015), “Tangible symbols are a type of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) that uses objects or pictures that share a perceptual relationship with the items they represent as symbols. A tangible symbol's relation to the item it represents is perceptually obvious and concrete - the visual or tactile properties of the symbol resemble the intended item. Tangible Symbols can easily be manipulated and are most strongly associated with the sense of touch.These symbols can be used by individuals who are not able to communicate using speech or other abstract symbol systems, such as sign language.”

There are two main types of symbols:

  • Concrete symbols have a clear physical relationship to their referents. For example, a laptop computer would be represented by a figurine of laptop.
  • Abstract symbols such as the ones that are used in Blissymbols have and arbitrary relationship to the referent.
Lego-compatible 2 1/2 D burger brick.

According to Rowland and Schweigert, tangible symbols are a subset of Concrete Symbols and can be either three-dimensional objects or two-dimensional pictures or (our addition) 2D 1/2 objects, i.e. pictures with a relief such as the nice hamburger to the right.

Tangible symbols have the following properties:

  • They bear a clear perceptual relationship to a referent (that is, they are iconic), making lower demands on cognitive abilities than do abstract symbols. The relationship between the symbol and the referent is obvious to the individual user, since it is based on the user’s own experience.
  • They are permanent, making lower demands on the user’s memory than do speech and signs, which must be pulled out of “thin air,”utilizing recall memory. Tangible symbols need only be recognized out of a permanent display of symbols, thus utilizing recognition memory, a more basic cognitive skill.
  • They are manipulable. They may be picked up and handed to someone or placed next to a referent. Thus, a literal exchange of information is possible through the communication act.
  • They may be indicated through a simple motor response such as eye pointing, touching or pointing, placing low demands on the user’s fine motor abilities.
  • Finally, three-dimensional symbols may be useful for people without sight, since they are tactually discriminable.

(Rowland and Schweigert, 2000: 5)

According to Rowland and Schweigert's primer, “tangible symbols should be constructed for each individual user, capitalizing on the features of the referents that are most meaningful to him or her.”. This implies that longer periods of testing are required in order to find/create the right symbols. The authors designed a tangible symbols pretest that helps determining what type of symbol to start with.

Procedure: “The typical format is to present a different preferred item to the learner at each trial. The item remains tactually or visually present to the learner but he does not yet get it. Now an array of symbols is presented (randomly vary the position of the correct symbol in the array) and the individual should indicate the symbol that corresponds to the presented item. If he does so, then allow the learner to briefly interact with that item. If he responds incorrectly (that is, he does not select the corresponding symbol/item or does not respond at all) then show the correct response and proceed to the next trial.” (Rowland and Schweigert, 2000: 24)

A minimal set of symbol categories ?

Languages usually have (somewhat) clearly identified parts of spech elements, i.e. types of words that can be combined into sentences respecting some kind of grammar. Some pictographic languages (e.g. Bliss) do have grammatical indcators on symbols, others like PECS do not.

Word categories (part of speech categories)

  • iConji: Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, possessive
  • Traditional grammar: Noun (+case), verb (+tense), adjective, adverb, pronouns, numerals, determiner(?), connectors (=conjunctions).
  • Minimal: Thing, action, qualifier
  • Composite: Subject-object-verb, subject-verb-object, OVS, OSV, combined with connectors and positions as in Lojban
  • A simplified Topic-comment structure ? (sentences are structured around topics and their qualification by comments).

Number of words

  • In orde to express most things in most languages, you need between 1000 and 3000 words.

Use of compounds

  • word = word + word
  • word = word + modifier

Icon elements

  • Basic shapes: points, lines, circles, squares
  • Combinations, e.g. arrows.
  • Shapes representing real world objects
  • Modifier symbols (e.g. rays, question mark) to convey action, styte, direction
  • Aggregations of all of the above, e.g. "no smoking" is "cigarette + a traffic sign)

See The Resonant Interface HCI Foundations for Interaction Design, First Edition, by Steven Heim (slides)

Combination

  • Ontology for us used Blisssymbols as starting point to represent compound concepts. For example:
^Taste +higher ^GoodTaste
~shout +Intensity ~scream

Systems used with primates

“Research into great ape language has involved teaching chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans to communicate with human beings and with each other using sign language, physical tokens, and lexigrams; see Yerkish. Some primatologists argue that the primates' use of these tools indicates their ability to use "language", although this is not consistent with some definitions of that term.” (Wikipeida, retrieved oct 2015).

Yerkish

According to Wikipedia, Yerkish is an artificial language developed for use by non-human primates. It employs a keyboard whose keys contain lexigrams, symbols corresponding to objects or ideas. The symbols used in Yerksih were rather abstract lexigrams, as opposed to icons, i.e. not representing a thing (as opposed to the pictographic languages made for humans).

Related systems

There exist many other pictographic systems, e.g.,

  • Ideograms, the kind of icons that are used in airports or in other public areas to signal places and objects.
  • Formal languages used in computer science to model systems or workflows
  • Specialized notation languages, such as Therblig, 18 kinds of elemental motions used in the study of motion economy in the workplace.
  • Picture languages like Isotype that allow to convey more complex concepts through a single icon or a combination.
  • Sign languages for people with hearing disabilities also (implicitly) contain pictograms (static or dynamic hand signs). However they are modified by non-manual signs. On the other hand, there attempts to create notations (e.g. the pictoral SignWriting or the more phonetic ASL-phabet).

Links

Summaries of various pictographic languages

iConj

Bliss

Dongba'

Online tutorials

Bliss

Home pages

How to

  • LangMake (dead website, available through wayback machine). For example, its long list of Neographies

About other natural and artificial languages

Bibliography

  • Lane, V. W., and Samples, J. M. (1981). Facilitating communication skills in adult apraxics: Application of blisssymbols in a group setting. Journal of Communication Disorders, 14, 157-167.
  • Claudia Wood, Jinny Storr, Peter A. Reich, eds. 1992. Blissymbol Reference Guide. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication International. ISBN 0-969-05169-7 ISO-IR 169. Codes for the Blissymbol Graphic Character Set.
  • Bondy, A.S., and L. Frost. 2001. "The Picture Exchange Communication System." Behav Modif. 25(5):725-744.
  • Bondy, A.S. 2001. "PECS: Potential benefits and risks." The Behavior Analyst Today 2:127-132.
  • Conklin, C. G. (2011-03-01). Effects of implementing the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with adults with developmental disabilities and severe communication deficits.(Report). Remedial and special education, 32(2), 155-166.
  • Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. Tangible symbol systems primer. Design to learn website. pp. 1–20. PDF
  • Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. (1989). Tangible symbols: Symbolic communication for individuals with multisensory impairments. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 5(4), 226-234.
  • Rowland, C. & Schweigert, P. (2000). Tangible Symbol Systems, second edition, PDF
  • Rowland, C. & Schweigert, P. (2000b). Tangible symbols, tangible outcomes. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16 (2), 61-78
  • McDonald, Eugene T. 1980. Teaching and using Blissymbolics: written for use by instructors of communicatively impaired persons. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0-9690516-8-9
  • McNaughton, Shirley, ed. 1985. Communicating with Blissymbolics. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0-9690516-3-8
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