3D printer filament

Introduction

This article should list the major 3D printer filaments that are available for 3D printing machines

For each plastic, slicer settings must be adapted. In addition, adjustments should be made for the kind (or the kind of the object part) In particular general parameters like:

• Extrusion height (related to z-axis movement, typically between 0.1 and 0.5 mm).
• Extrusion width (related to feed and flow rates)
• Temperature
• Feed rate (speed of print head)
• Flow rate (amount of plastic extruded)

In addition, parameters like:

• Wall thickness
• filling (density and pattern)
• horizontal floors
• first layers

"Normal"

ABS

• ABS ((Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) is used for Legos and car parts for example. It is solid, but warps when printed a room temperature. I.e. it is difficult to print objects that have a larger than 4cm footprint. When hobby 3D printers emerged, ABS was the material of choice. As of 2015, it is still popular, but there are other similar alternatives.
• Temperature: 220 - 260 (temperature depends on both type of ABS plastic and the kind of object your print).
• Bed temperature: 65

Amphora

Also sold as XT-COPOLYESTER

High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)

• Similar properties as ABS, but warps less. Unlike ABS it is biodegradable. It is often used to pack food.

Nylon

• Nylon is a very strong material but more difficult to print than PLA. It doesn't stick well to Glass or Aluminum platforms surfaces and may warp. You can try printing on wood or Polymide tape (Kapton).
• Various variants exist. At the time of writing, Taulman 645 seems to be popular. Since it is fairly expensive, you also can consider the Bridge filament which is not as strong, but cheaper and easier to use.

PET / PETG

• PET is strong filament similar to ABS in strength, but prints more like PLA.
• Temperature: 210 - 260
• Bed temperature: 55

PLA

• PLA (polylactic acid) is made of starch (i.e. plants). It doesn't warp, but it's not very solid and starts deforming (melting) at relatively low temperature. PLA is probably the most popular filament.
• Temperature: 180 - 220
• Bed temperature: 55

T-glase

This pretty plastic made from PET(G) is somewhat translucid, has a rather good surface finish, and it shimmers. T-glase (aka "Tought Glass") can be used as replacement for ABS. It's stronger and it does not warp or split while printing. This article by Mike Adams (March 11, 2015,) makes a good case for t-glase: It's solid, safe for (cold) food, watertight, both rigid and flexible, etc.

• It seems to have low shrinkage and no warping.
• It sticks to acrylic, glass, and Kapton.
• Unlike ABS, bonding between layers is very good (i.e. makes cups watertight).
• It doesn't produce fumes or smells when printing.
• Material density: ?
• Bending temperature: 78 C

Parameters below were taken from here and here

• Print temp = 240 (maybe 250)
• Nozzle = any size, but maybe more than usual extrusion ?
• Extrusion width = about 90% of the Nozzle diameter, e.g. 0.315 mm for a 0.35mm nozzle
• Print speed, about half speed of ABS
• Retraction = .5mm/.1mm nozzle or for a .5mm nozzle = 2.5mm
• Print bed = glass with a PVA coat, Kapton,
• Print bed temperature: 45C

This worked for me on a Felix Pro 1 printer, but I probably have to optimize some stuff.

NOTE: To reduce glass breakage, don't cool the bed before removing the part (at least 35 degs).

Solubles

These are great for printing support structures with a dual head printer.

PVA

• PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) can dissolve in water

Flexible

Soft PLA

Is a kind of PLA that is flexible (does that really exist ?)

• Temperature: 220-230
• Bed temperature: ?

Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)

There are several variants of TPE. As a general rule, TPE must be printed with less speed than PLA (e.g. 20-30 mm/second). It is also important to have a strong extruder that does not heat in the upper part. Bowden extruders will not work, since one cannot push very flexible filament over a long distance.

Well known variants of Thermoplastic elastomers are:

Arnitel

• Arnitel is a flexible filament that produces very strong prints, but difficult to print since it doesn't stick well and since it warps like ABS
• Temperature: 220-230
• Bed temperature: 65

NinjaFlex

• NinjaFlex is a thermoplastic polyurethane
• Similar to Arnitel, maybe not as strong and more reactive to solvants, but easier to use
• Print temperature 245 °C at low speed (e.g. 30 mm/s)

NinjaSemiFlex

• Harder (less elastic) than NijaFlex (not tested)

3D Prima TPE

3D Prima TPE is a flexible filament that produces "rubber" like objects (if you print with little fill you can create "squeezy" things)

• Much cheaper than NinjaFlex.
• It is a easy to print, if your extruder can handle it (see next item). The result looks and feels great.
• This filament is very easy to print, if you can manage to extrude. I believe that you need a hotend that is only hot near the exit area. Since the filament is really flexible (before printing), pushing through the extruder can be tricky. Works OK with my Felix 2 and Felix Pro printers. With the Felix 2.0, only works if the hot-end doesn't have any "PLA balls" (rests) inside. It cannot push these down. Extruding some ABS before inserting the Prima TPE does help.
• Prints between 190 and 240 degs., Print bed at 50-80, low speed. I used 220, 55 and up to 45mm/s .... however I don't have enough experience to provide any solid information.

Plasticized Copolyamide TPE (PCTPE)

Nylon-based TPE, made by Taulman sold by 3D Prima, also available on amazon.fr (not yet tested).

FilaFlex

• ?

Nunus TPE

• Nunus Flexible Rubber Filament
• Temperature 210 - 230° C
• Platform temperature: 20 - 50 °. For my first successful prints I added glue plus a raft - Daniel K. Schneider (talk) 14:05, 7 September 2015 (CEST)
• Speed 30 mm / s. Maybe you could print faster, but it's important that the plastics bonds when hot. Otherwise the object will be brittle, e.g. the infill will be weak, layers will not stick together.
• This filament is by no means like rubber. It just feels much more flexible than PLA, i.e. you can bend but not stretch this. Unlike Arnitel, you also have to use some "decent" fill (5% fill will not bond IMHO).

Composites

Composites are often based on PLA (e.g. 80%) plus other ingredients (e.g. 20%) like metal particles or wood fibers

Laybrick

Laybrick, according to Simon J. Oliver is a thermoplastic with fine-milled chalk as a filler, and so it prints with a decidedly ceramic look and feel, and an off-white putty color. In [http://www.extrudable.me/2013/08/13/printing-with-laybrick/ his blog post (2013), he writes that laybrick is an {{easy-to-work-with and forgiving material that has a striking but neutral appearance that easily hides the tell-tale layering that mars many 3D prints, without needing to resort to ultra-fine layers. I’ve found that the attractive texture and warm feel work well for sculptures and bowls that invite handling, and also for printing 3D scans of people, where the ability to hold detail and yet not look overly layered is a great combination. Architectural models are another area where I expect to see a lot of potential. LayBrick is clearly not designed for harsh environments of high temperature, solvent exposure, or mechanical wear, so its applications will be mostly aesthetic and artistic – but for those, it opens up whole new vistas compared to traditional plastics.}}

• Print temperature: 160 - 220 ?. Best is probably between 180 and 200.

Other tips:

• Laybrick breaks easily and cannot be re-spooled since it may break. You could use a flat wide spooler or hang it on a chemistry stand.
• Keep it inside a plastic bag

Links

Filament makers and suppliers

See:

• Printing Material Suppliers (RepRap Wiki)

The ones below are randomly chosen as examples, no endorsements here !)

• Colorfab
• Matterhackers
• Lulzbot
• Fenner Drives (NinjaFlex)

Suppliers for Switzerland

We don't have time to compare shops, but we are satisfied with the ones below. Both deliver via regular postal service.

• Fabberworld (offers special conditions to education and accept payment after shipping)
• 3D-Printerstore.ch

Tip: If you buy a printer with institutional money, e.g. for a school, include filament in the printer "package". This way it will be financed by "investment" money which is always easier to get at than money for buying smaller supplies. Most often, the company selling printers offers a decent enough choice of plastics...

Filament comparisons, introductions, etc.

• Filament comparison Guide at MatterHackers, 2015
• 3D Printer Filament Types Overview, 2015
• What Material Should I Use For 3D Printing?, feb 2015