CSS positioning tutorial

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Draft

Web technology tutorials series
Intermediate

Introduction

Positioning an layouting with CSS is one of the most difficult chapters

The whole model is very complex with respect to how various properties interact
You will have to fight browser implementation issues (e.g. IE bugs, though IE 9 seems to do quite well now - Daniel K. Schneider 23:04, 13 November 2011 (CET))

Simple fluid layouts using the float property

Maybe you don't need positioning ! Using simply the float:left CSS property/value combo, you can create simple fluid column layouts. We shall discuss an example that shows how to create a page with a heading box on top, a main body with three columns and a footing box.

Originally, the float property wasn't mean for creating layouts. It was meant to create boxes around which other text can flow, e.g. something like the "web technology box" on top right of this page. However, since CSS doesn't include any proper layout design language (like in XSL), some designers now use the float property for creating column layouts.

The basic principle is the following as we shall explain with a simple hypothetical example: Imagine that you have two columns, one should be to the left and the other to the right.

HTML would look like this:

<div id"container">
  <div id="left_col">
  ... Contents of left column ....
  </div>

  <div id="right_col">
  ... Contents of right column ....
  </div>
</div>

The CSS looks like this:

#container {}
#left_col  {float:left; width:49%;}
#right_col {float:right; width:49%;}

The CSS alo might look like this, i.e. the second (right) box would float against the first one.

#container {}
#left_col  {float:left; width:49%;}
#right_col {float:left; width:49%;}

Life examples:

Let's now have a look at a more real example, i.e. a page that has something on top, followed by a threee column part, follwed by a bottom. Creating such a fluid three column layout is quite simple:

Use a hierarchical structure that defines all the big boxes: (1) top, (2) main and (3) bottom. The "main" box includes (2a) left, (2b) center and (2c) right.
Define the width of these (2a) left, (2b) center, (2c) right columns with percentages and do not use any margins borders, or padding. If you do need margins etc., insert yet another div inside these divs.
Use div id="xxx" for all major layout boxes, and div class="yyy" for content boxes that go inside (this way you can fill the columns with several boxes).
After using a float:left, insert clear:both in the next div if you don't want the next div to float around. E.g. we use one for the bottom div.

Example:

http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/css/ex/layout/css-boxes-example-fluid.html

This page has the following layout:

Div layout structure

The CSS is included in the example HTML page. Look at its source. Its most important elements are:

#top {
      border: 1px solid;
 }

#main {
    float: left;
    margin-top: 1cm;
    margin-bottom: 1cm;
    width: 100%;
    }

#left_col {
    float: left;
    width:17%;
    min-width: 112px;
    /* When using borders, you have to adjust percentages
       You can uncomment these just for debuggin boxes
       */
    /* border: 1px dotted; */
}

.left {
    border: 1px solid;
    margin-bottom: 2px;
}

#text_col {
    float:left;
    width: 66%;
    min-width: 4cm;
}

.text { 
    background-image: url(tree_silhouette.png);
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center center;
    background-size: contain;
    margin-left:1%;
    margin-right:1%;
    border: 1px solid;
    padding: 1em;
 }
 
#right_col {
    float: left;
    width:17%;
    min-width:2cm;
}

.right {
    border: 1px solid;
    border: 1px solid;
    margin-bottom: 2px;
    }

#bottom_padding {
    clear: both;
    border: 1px transparent;
}

#bottom {
    margin-top: 1cm;
    border: 1px solid;
}

Remarks:

Numbers in the yellow boxes just show the order in which we defined our div's in the HTML
This page will not correctly display in IE 9 (clear:both will not clear the "main" box, but the right column ...).

Template you could use:

http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/css/ex/layout/css-boxes-fluid-template.html

Basic positioning

Positioning other than using floats is done with two sets properties:

Four positioning properties: left, right, top and bottom
The position property

Each HTML element can be positioned with the left, right, top and bottom properties. Each of these properties defines a distance between this element and either the next element or the parent's border depending on the the position property settings.

Example of positioning 1cm to the right and 1cm down:

 top: 1cm; 
 left: 1cm;

Example of positioning 1cm the left and 1cm up:

 right: 1cm;
 bottom: 1cm;

In order to tell HTML how to position an element with respect to what, we need another property: position. The position property defines wether an element is positioned with respect to the parent element (absolute positioning) or with respect to its "normal" position (relative positioning).

Let's illustrate this with a few CSS examples:

Set the left edge of the element with respect to the right edge of the containing element:

div.picture {
     left:1cm;
     position:absolute;
     }

Move the left edge (and the whole element) X units to the left with respect to its normal position.

div.picture2 {
     left:1cm;
     position:relative;
     }

Do not position, i.e. ignore the left (that's the default)

div.picture3 {
    left:1cm;
    position:static;
     }

We are not done yet. The position:relative CSS declaration will have another effect. It will define a local coordinate system, i.e. all child element's absolute positionings will refer to this box and not the page as a whole.

Let's now look at two very simples examples that pull together these elements:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" 
            "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
  <title>CSS background demo - First principles of instruction</title>
  <style type="text/css" media="all">
#container {
	     top:2cm;
             }
#left_col  {
             border:solid thin; position:absolute; 
             top:0.5cm; left:0pt;  width:49%;
             }
#right_col {
             border:solid thin; position:absolute; 
             top:0.5cm; right:0pt; width:49%;
             }
  </style>
</head>

<body>
<div id="container">
  <div id="left_col">
  ... Contents of left column ....
  ... Contents of left column ....
  </div>

  <div id="right_col">
  ... Contents of right column ....
  </div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Life example:

http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/css/ex/layout/css-left-right-boxes4.html

This example may not do what we want. Each of the two left_col and right_col boxes are positioned with repsect to the body element. In order to position them with respect to the container element, we must use the following kind of code:

The "container" element includes a position:relative; declaration. This is needed in order to create a relative positioning system for the child elements.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" 
            "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
  <title>CSS background demo - First principles of instruction</title>
  <style type="text/css" media="all">
    /* <![CDATA[ */

#container {
             top:2cm;
             position:relative;
             border: dotted thin;
             color: green;
             }
#top_right { 
             border:solid thin; position:absolute;
             right: 0;
             }
#left_col  {
             border:solid thin; position:absolute; 
             top:0.5cm; left:0pt;  width:49%;
             color: black;
             }
#right_col {
             border:solid thin; position:absolute; 
             top:0.5cm; right:0pt; width:49%;
             color: black;
             }

    /* ]]> */
  </style>
</head>

<body>
<div id="top_right">HOME</div>

<div id="container">
  container content that should be removed ...
  <div id="left_col">
  Contents of left column ....
  </div>

  <div id="right_col">
  Contents of right column ....
  </div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Life example:

http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/css/ex/layout/css-left-right-boxes4.html

To do

I probably will translate, repair and expand this old example (in french): http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/css/ex/boxing0.html

In the meantime, please have a look at other tutorials, some of which are listed in the links section.

Links