CSS animations tutorial

Learning goals

• Create simple CSS animations
• Stop/Start CSS animations with JavaScript

Prerequisites

• CSS tutorial

Level and target population

• Beginners

Teaching materials

• Are available through code pen (see below)

Remarks

• This tutorial is intended for non-computer students in fields that are technology intensive. For people who need less, there exist many easy CSS tutorials on the web. This text is intended for students who also must learn principles and who are willing to learn CSS by doing a project, looking at CSS code and online reference manuals.
• Ideally, a teacher also should assign a text formatting task, during or before assigning this tutorial for reading).

Introduction

The CSS animations specification “describes a way for authors to animate the values of CSS properties over time, using keyframes. The behavior of these keyframe animations can be controlled by specifying their duration, number of repeats, and repeating behavior.” (CSS Animations Level 1, W3C Working Draft, 30 November 2017).

Keyframes define different values for a single CSS attribute, e.g. background, left, top, width. The computer then will fill in all the values in between during the time of the animation.

Simple example defing what will happen to a div with class="ani".

CSS:

div.ani {
    animation: mykeyframes 5s;
}

@keyframes mykeyframes {
    from {background: blue;}
    to {background: red;}
}

Simple CSS Examples

Below are some simple CSS Example in increasing complexity. The principle is always the same:

• For HTML elements (identified by any kind of selector, e.g. an id or a class) define animation properties
• Define a animation-name if you plan to use keyframes
• @keyframes should define at least a "from" and "to", or "0%" and "100" states. For each of these set the value of one or more CSS properties.

Simple color animation

This animation will last 10 seconds and will show a transition from blue to green to yellow and back to blue.

Source: The CSS suite from the CSS consortium. The code below and in CodePen has been slightly altered.

http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-animations-1_dev/nightly-unstable/html/animation-keyframes-001.htm

Codepen (for play and copy/paste): https://codepen.io/danielkschneider/pen/KoBWpV

CSS:

  div.coloranim {
    animation-name: sample;
    animation-duration: 10s;
    background-color: blue;
    height: 100px;
    width: 100px;
  }

  @keyframes sample {
    from {     background-color: blue;    }
    30% {      background-color: green;    }
    65% {      background-color: yellow;    }
    to {       background-color: blue;    }
  }

HTML:

  <p>
   There is a filled blue square with 'Filler Text' when the page loads.
   Color of the square gradully changes in order: BLUE to GREEN to YELLOW and back to BLUE in 10 seconds.

  Try to add another keyframe for another color. Make the animation slower, then faster.
  </p>
  <div id="coloranim">I argue for a change<br>Now</div>

Simple moving animation

This example shows a crawling rectangle animating its left property.

• Original (slightly changed): http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-animations-1_dev/nightly-unstable/html/animation-keyframes-003.htm

• Playground: https://codepen.io/danielkschneider/pen/dmjvOg

CSS:

div {
  animation-name: anim_1;
  animation-duration: 10s;

  background-color: lightgreen;
  height: 50px;
  width: 200px;
  position: relative;
}

@keyframes anim_1 {
  from {
    left: 250px;
    animation-timing-function: linear;
  }
  50% {
    left: 75px;
    animation-timing-function: linear;
  }
  to {
    left: 0px;
  }
}

HTML:

<p>
Rectangle crawls from right to left with constant speed. 
Try to make it move down at the same time. E.g. use CSS <code>top</code> attribute.
</p>
<div>Such a nice day for crawling</div>

Moving with easing in and out

As above, but with some easing in/out. I.e. slow start, then normal animation, slow end.

• Original (slightly changed): http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-animations-1_dev/nightly-unstable/html/animation-timing-function-004.htm

• Playground: https://codepen.io/danielkschneider/pen/yKqMZz

CSS:

div#move-ease-1 {
  animation-name: sample;
  animation-duration: 5s;
  animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;
  border-radius: 30px;
  padding: 20px 10px 10px 10px;
  background-color: pink;
  height: 60px;
  width: 100px;
  position: relative;
}

@keyframes sample {
  from {
    left: 5px;
  }
  to {
    left: 500px;
  }
}

HTML:

<p>
  Square starts moving from left to right; initially the animation starts slow, gains acceleration in the middle and again slows down at the end.
</p>
<div id="move-ease-1">Let us ease in and out</div>

The default easing function can be changed but before doing so try cubic-bezier values.

Rotation

This example shows how to create a rotation with transform: rotate(). In addition, we will repeat this animation 5 times using animation-iteration-count

• Original: DKS

• Playground: https://codepen.io/danielkschneider/pen/oqMWbK

CSS:

div#turn, div#turn2 {
  animation-name: spin_1;
  animation-duration: 5s;
  animation-iteration-count: 5;
  #  animation-iteration-count: infinite;
  border-radius: 30px;
  padding: 20px 10px 10px 10px;
  margin: 10px 10px 20px 10px;
  background-color: pink;
  height: 20px;
  width: 100px;
  position: relative;
  left: 100px;
}

@keyframes spin_1 {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0deg);
  }
  # setting 50% to 90 makes it irregular 50% {
    transform: rotate(90deg);
  }
  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
  }
}

HTML:

<p>
  Square will spin
</p>
<div id="turn">Let us spin</div>
<div id="turn2">Let us spin</div>

Animating more attributes in the same keyframes

This example demonstrates that one can set more than a single property in a keyframe. You are not obliged to change the same properties in each keyframe.

• Original: DKS
• Playground: https://codepen.io/danielkschneider/pen/eMjWxa

CSS:

div.turn {
  animation-name: spin_1;
  animation-duration: 5s;
  animation-iteration-count: 5;
  #  animation-iteration-count: infinite;
  border-radius: 30px;
  padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px;
  margin: 20px 10px 20px 10px;
  background-color: pink;
  height: 20px;
  width: 100px;
  position: relative;
  left: -100px;
}

@keyframes spin_1 {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0deg);
    left: -100px;
  }
 50% {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
    left: 300px;
    background-color: red;
  }
  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
    left: 600px;
    background-color: blue;
  }
}

HTML:

<p>
  Square will spin and walk
</p>
<div class="turn">Let us spin</div>
<div class="turn">Let us spin</div>

Animation with some JavaScript

Start/stop an animation

• Original: DKS
• Playground: https://codepen.io/danielkschneider/pen/jzpGoe

This example shows how to start/stop an animation by modifying a CSS property

Recall that CSS properties have different names in JavaScript. Here is how:

1. Remove the dash
2. Capitalise words

To access a CSS property use this syntax:

objet.style.property_name

In the example below: thing.style.animationPlayState

Example:

CSS attribute name = animation-play-state

JavaScript CSS property name: animationPlayState

CSS:

div#turn {
  animation-name: spin_1;
  animation-play-state: running;
  animation-duration: 5s;
  animation-iteration-count: infinite;
  animation-direction: alternate;
  border-radius: 30px;
  padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px;
  margin: 20px 10px 20px 10px;
  background-color: pink;
  height: 20px;
  width: 100px;
  position: relative;
  left: 0px;
}

@keyframes spin_1 {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0deg);
    left: 0px;
  }
  50% {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
    left: 300px;
    background-color: red;
  }
  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
    left: 600px;
    background-color: blue;
  }
}

HTML:

<p>Square will spin and walk: <input value="Stop/Start this" type="button" id="btn">
</p>
<div id="turn">Let us run ! 🕷</div>

JavaScript:

document.getElementById("btn").onclick = changeAnim;

var is_running = true;
function changeAnim() {
  // console.log("button pressed");
  var thing = document.getElementById("turn");
  if (is_running) {
    thing.style.animationPlayState = "paused";
    is_running = false;
  } else {
    thing.style.animationPlayState = "running";
    is_running = true;
  }
}
//Instead of complicated if-then-else we could have used a conditional

Catch me

This example does the same thing as the previous, except that the button is now the thing that moves.

• Original: DKS

• Playground: https://codepen.io/danielkschneider/pen/rdrYYO

CSS:

div#turn {
  animation-name: spin_1;
  animation-play-state: running;
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-iteration-count: infinite;
  animation-direction: alternate;
  border-radius: 30px;
  padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px;
  margin: 20px 10px 20px 10px;
  background-color: pink;
  height: 20px;
  width: 100px;
  position: relative;
  left: -200px;
}

@keyframes spin_1 {
  from {
    transform: rotate(0deg);
    left: -20px;
  }
  30% {
    transform: rotate(30deg);
    left: 200px;
    background-color: red;
  }
  60% {
    transform: rotate(60deg);
    left: 400px;
    background-color: red;
  }
  to {
    transform: rotate(90deg);
    left: 800px;
    background-color: blue;
  }
}

HTML:

<p>Square will spin and walk
<div id="turn" "move">Catch me 🕷</div>

JavaScript:

document.getElementById("turn").onclick = changeAnim;
var is_running = true;
function changeAnim() {
  var thing = document.getElementById("turn");
  console.log("button pressed" + " state before change=" + thing.style.animationPlayState);
  if (is_running) {
    thing.style.animationPlayState = "paused";
    is_running = false;
  } else {
    thing.style.animationPlayState = "running";
    is_running = true;
  }
}

JavaScript: Just for the fun of it. The following does exactly same as the above and is a bit shorter

var thing2 = document.getElementById("turn");
thing2.onclick = changeAnim2;

function changeAnim2() {
  console.log("button pressed on:" + thing2 + " state:" + thing2.style.animationPlayState);
  thing2.style.animationPlayState == "paused"
    ? (thing2.style.animationPlayState = "running")
    : (thing2.style.animationPlayState = "paused");
}

Links

Official

• CSS Animations Level 1 W3C Working Draft, 30 November 2017 (as of April 2018)
• HTML5 test suite

Repositories

Code to copy and paste

• http://anicollection.github.io/ (table with many animations). Click on the eye to get the code.
• http://leaverou.github.io/animatable/ (table with many animations). Not the full code.

Visual code generators

Create the animation in a visual interface, then copy and paste

• http://cssanimate.com

Tutorials and manuals

• Using CSS animations (MDN)
• CSS Animations (W3C Schools)
  • CSS animation-timing-function Property
  • CSS @keyframes Rule