Pedagogic strategy

Draft

Definition

Pedagogic Strategies can be defined at 3 levels:

1. General instructional designs
2. Designs applied to a teaching/learning unit (e.g. a lesson or a course module)
3. Pedagogic methods that are part of a wider design and that we discuss elsewhere.

Effective course designs (or teachers) may make use of different teaching strategies or methods.

According to Dick et al. (2001) “instructional strategy is used generally to cover the various aspects of sequencing and organizing the content, specifying learning activities, and deciding how to deliver the content and activities’ (p. 184).”

Types of pedagogic strategies

this section remains to be written, below is just a little "stub"

Firstly pedagogic strategies (at least the ones discussed in instructional design) are based on general learning theoretical concepts, e.g. Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructionism, Constructivism, Socio-constructivism, Situated learning, etc. Learning theorists often also address pedagogicial issues . There is an overlap between theories that explain how people learn and how one could bring people to learn. This is particularly true regarding larger families of thought like constructivism.

Second, design of strategies draws a lot from general pedagogical theory.

Overview

According to Baumgartner (2004) we could divide pedagogical strategies into three families: learning I, II, III. The following table is based on Baumgartner et al. (2004) picture (up to row 6) and to which we made additions.

Dominant Strategy	Transfer (teaching I)	Tutoring (teaching II)	Coaching (teaching III)
Knowledge type	Factual knowledge, "know-that"	Procedural knowledge, "know-how", problem solving, concepts	Social practice, "knowing in action"
Aims of Teaching	Transfer of propositional knowledge	Presentation of predetermined problems	Action in (complex and social) situations
Learning goal	to know, to remember	to do, to practice, to argue	to cope, to master
Assessment	Production of correct answers	Selection of correct methods and its use	Realization of adequate action strategies
Learning content type	Verbal knowledge, Memorization	Skill, Ability	Social Responsibility
Teaching and learning strategies and activities	to teach, to explain	to observe, to help, to demonstrate	to cooperate, to support
Learning theory	Behaviorism	Cognitivism Constructivism	Socio-constructivism, Situated learning
Instructional design models	programmed instruction, (simple mastery learning,	problem-based learning, case-based learning, Discovery learning with simulations, microworlds, WebQuests,	inquiry-based learning, project-based learning Situated discovery learning and exploratory learning,
learning level	Stimulus-response Bloom's level 1	chaining, association, discrimination, concept learning, problem solving (Blooms levels 1-6)	situated problem solving

Major families of instructional design model

this needs to be completed

• Programmed instruction
• Mastery learning

• Problem-based learning
• Inquiry-based learning
• Project-based learning

References

• Baumgartner, P., I. Bergner und L. Pullich (2004). Weblogs in Education - A Means for Organisational Change. In: Multimedia Applications in Education Conference (MApEC) Proceedings 2004. L. Zimmermann. Graz: 155-166. [1]

• Baumgartner, P. (2004). The Zen Art of Teaching - Communication and Interactions in eEducation. Proceedings of the International Workshop ICL2004, Villach / Austria 29 September-1 October 2004, Villach, Kassel University Press. CD-ROM, ISBN: 3-89958-089-3. PDF

• Chamberland, G., L. Lavoie et D. Marquis (1995). 20 formules pédagogiques, Sainte-Foy: Presses universitaires du Québec.

• Kahn, Badrul H. A Framework for Web-Based Learning, in Khan, B.H. (ed) Web-Based Training ISBN 0-87778-303-9

• Séminaire sur les méthodes d'enseignement (1999) La didactique internationale en management public [2]

• Joyce, B., Weil, M., Calhoun, E. : Models of teaching, 6th edition, Allyn & Bacon, 2000. ISBN 0205389279

• Reeves, T.C., Reeves, P.M., Effective Dimensions of Interactive Learning on the World Wide Web, in Web-Based Instruction, Englewood Cliffs N.J. : Educational Technology Publications, 1998

• Van Wart, Montgomery, N. Joseph Cayer, et Steeve Cook; Handbook of Training and Developement for the Public Sector; San Francisco, CA; Jossey-Bass; 1993

(need some more),,