Screen capture tutorial

Draft

<pageby nominor="false" comments="false"/> This is a short screen capture tutorial. It assumes that you have some basic understanding about imaging software and graphics file formats.

Motivation to write this was twofold. I got intrigued by the fact that on Windows I was unable to capture correctly an Adobe CS3 application, I wanted to test free programs to capture user interactions (i.e. make screencasts), and finally think a bit harder on how to post-treat screenshots. Right now, this tutorial is probably not suitable for total beginners - Daniel K. Schneider 18:08, 30 July 2007 (MEST).

Definition

“A screenshot, screen capture, or screen dump is an image taken by the computer to record the visible items displayed on the monitor or another visual output device. Usually this is a digital image taken by the host operating system or software running on the computer device, but it can also be a capture made by a camera or a device intercepting the video output of the computer.” (Wikipedia, retrieved 18:08, 30 July 2007 (MEST)).

One may make a distinction between:

Screenshots

Outputting the entire screen or a part of it in a common bitmap image format such as BMP, PNG, or JPEG.

Screen dump

The display system dumps what it is using internally upon request. Output may be rendered in a different format, e.g. PNG instead of X or Display Postscript.

Video captures

See screencast for details. Capture the screen over an extended period of time to form a video file.

Grabbing static pictures of applications

Grabbing static screenshots involves usually 2-3 steps:

• Prepare the state of the application you want to capture
• Either grab the whole desktop, a window or some random rectangle
• Crop the image if needed (i.e. select/save a part)
• Reduce the image size and save in other formats if needed.

Preparing the application

Since your screendumps may wind up in a wiki or presentation slides, i.e. in low resolution environments you have to minimize the area you want to capture:

• You may just show parts of the application (e.g. remove the window bars after capture)
• More importantly, you should diminish the window size as much as possible (If you have decent resolution (like 1900x1200) you probably should try to fit the application into a quarter of the screen (but no wider than 1000px as a rule of thumb). The reader should be able to see all the menus, commands contents you want him to see. E.g. here is an example of a screen dump of the reload editor. The foot print of this picture is low and you still can what I wanted to show (670 × 381 pixel, file size: 24 KB)

The Reload editor workspace

Capturing with a screen capture tool

There are several kinds of tools:

• Small and usually free screen capturing utilities (see the software section), e.g.
  • MwSnap and ScreenHunter for Windows, Gnome screenshot and ksnapshot on Linux, and SnapNDrag for Mac OS X.
• Capturing tools embedded in image manipulation (or other) programs, e.g. The GIMP image manipulation program.

There are about 4 different kinds of shots you can capture:

• Capture the whole screen
• Capture a single application window with a capturing application
• Capture a rectangular area (you must click on a corner and then drag the mouse)
• Capture a fixed rectangular area (you define its size beforehand)

To capture a screen there are usually three methods:

• Capture through a specialized screenshot application (friendly interface plus some image manipulation/saving features)
• Capture through the Operating system (Print Screen method). Not as friendly since you have to know either secret key presses or command line, but it may safe your life when capturing applications fail ...
• Some application do have built-in capturing functionality, e.g. to capture web pages there is the Firefox Pearl Crescent extension.

Capturing with the Print Screen method

"Print Screen" means to make a copy of the desktop or a section through the OS.

On Windows XP

You can either capture the whole desktop or the active window:

• To capture the whole desktop, hit the Print Screen key (sometimes labeled "Prnt Scrn") which you usually can find somewhere in the top right of your keyboard. On some other keyboards, you may have to hit shift-prnt scrn".

• To capture just the active window, press ALT+Print Screen.

These operations will put the screenshot into the clipboard. Therefore after pressing the key you won't see anything, bit you can simply paste the acquired bitmap into an imaging program with either one of the two methods:

• Acquire from Paste
  • In Gimp: "File->Acquire->Paste as New
• Paste into an open document, e.g. ctrl-v (but you may loose information depending on what editing software you are working with)

http://www.dak.com/Reviews/Tutorial_ScreenCapture.cfm The print screen method seems to produce best results, since it seems to have less problems capturing some tricky multi-paned windows like the Adobe CS3 desktops for which all my screen capture tools didn't word (some tabs did not show).

Screenshots of games and media players may still fail, resulting in a blank rectangle. According to Wikipedia, the reason for this is that the graphics are bypassing the normal screen and going to a high-speed graphics processor. Workaround: Open Display Properties -> Parameters -> Advanced, Click the Troubleshoot Tab, and Move the Hardware Acceleration Slider to "None" (Don't forget to put it back).

On Gnome, e.g. Ubuntu Linux

You can either capture the whole desktop or an active window

• Hit the Print Screen key to capture the whole screen (also works on double monitor twin-view setup).
• Alternatively, hit ALT-Print Screen to capture the active window.

This tool will produce *.png image and a preview/popup menu will allow to save it somewhere. Btw this applications is also available under Applications->Acchttp://www.dak.com/Reviews/Tutorial_ScreenCapture.cfmessories->Take Screenshot.

Finally, each X-based Unix system (Linux, Solaris) has a command line tool called xwd (read the man page).

On Mac OS X

• Pressing Command-Shift-3 takes a screenshot of the entire screen
• Pressing Command-Shift-4 takes a screenshot of a chosen area. You must hold the mouse button and drag it over the area you want to capture.

These images are saved to the desktop, but if you hold down the control key with the rest of the keyboard shortcut, the pictures are copied to the clipboard instead. (Wikipedia, not tested).

Reducing image size and bitmap formats

(Disclaimer: I am not much of an image expert).

Frequently, screen capturing programs save per default in the lossless png format. PNG is efficient for graphics, but heavy if you have included bitmaps. You may set PNG to a maximal compression rate (9), but the difference gained may not be very important.

Screendumps that include bitmaps (include things like desktop background)

If you save screendumps that contain bitmaps, you should save in *.jpg. A lossful compression quality of 70 should be ok.

Here is a 700px-wide thumbnail of Daniel K. Schneider's desktop I made when I started writing this article. Click on it to get a bigger version:

Daniel K. Schneider's Linux Desktop

• From left to right: GIMP, Firefox, the capture popup, a terminal, Xemacs (Wiki mode) and Firefox again ....
• I use Ubuntu as my desktop OS and as you can see I got some nice screen real-estate (3500px wide, which is essential for writing wiki articles at my age).

Here are the sizes of some bitmap files I made for my desktop and that should be self-explaining:

The original 3500x1200 pixels screen capture:

1621618  desktop-dks.png
 596814  desktop-dks.jpg
1600991  desktop-dks-max-compression.png

Reduced versions (you can inspect the 1760x600 jpg version I used above). As you can see the quality of this imported 181K file is just barely good enough for reading text.

 181255  desktop-dks-1760x600.jpg
 625596  desktop-dks-1760x600.png
 304380  desktop-dks-1000x341.png

Screendumps that include text, graphics and a little bitmap.

http://www.dak.com/Reviews/Tutorial_ScreenCapture.cfm

PNG Screendump of a text application

If an applications only contains text PNG gives much better results than JPG, even if compressed at quality of 70%. E.g. here is comparison from taking a picture of a text editing window.

170233  screenshot-emacs.jpg
 45217  screenshot-emacs.png

For applications that contain text plus a little bit of bitmap PNG is also better. E.g. here is comparison for a screendump I used in the Flash CS3 desktop tutorial.

 110734 flash-cs3-desktop.jpg
  74826 flash-cs3-desktop.png

Screendumps for MediaWikis

You should learn image syntax, e.g. read the Wikipedia Extended image syntax article.

Images that are not essential for the understanding of a text, should be served as thumbnails. E.g.

• To display a thumbnail with a line break (text does not float around):

[[image:desktop-dks-1760x600.jpg|thumb|700px|none|~~~'s Linux Desktop]]

• To display a thumbnail on the right with text floating around

[[image:screenshot-emacs.png|thumb|200px|right|PNG Screendump of an text application ]]

Summary

• Make your application as small as possible on the screen before you capture it.

http://www.dak.com/Reviews/Tutorial_ScreenCapture.cfm

• Try out several image reduction ratios. Your imaging tool may have a preview mode, so you don't need to safe various versions. In this case, set the view to a 100% in order to get an idea what the end user will have to look at.

• Try out several image formats if you are not sure whether to choose from png or jpg.

• If you want to teach functionalities of an application, try not to include bitmaps if file size is an issue.

Grabbing movies of user interactions

(to be written).

Software

Free screenshot capture programs

Windows

• MwSnap (the one I use
  • It has 5 capturing modes and is fast (minimizes to the tray)
  • Supports several file formats for saving
• Screen Hunter (free basic version, not tested).

MacOS X

• SnapNDrag
  • Basic version is free and supports several formats. The Pro Version can crop.

Specific to applications

• Pearl Crescent Page Saver, extension for Firefox that saves in JPG and PNG. (Basic Version is free)
• Printing to PDF is also a trick to capture web pages (but PDF format is not always practical)

Free image manipulation programs

In principle, they include some capturing tool

Multi-platform

• The GIMP (The GNU Imaging Program)
  • Free and sophisticated.

Windows

• IrfanView
• For those who have MS Office installed (so I don't think it's free) there is the Microsoft Picture Manager (good enough for a little bit of cropping etc.)
• [pack.google.com/picasa Picasa] (made by Google).

Online

• Snipshot (There may be more web 2.0 applications) which are really practical when you are on the road somewhere or in a badly installed PC room ...

Links

Overviews Screenshots

• Screenshot (Wikipedia)
• Video Capture and

Screen shot tutorials

• Alan's Tips: Capturing a Web image
• Drew's Windows Screen Capture Tutorial

Capture screens from DVDs

• How to make a Screen Capture - Tutorial. By Elisabeth. How to get a screen cap from a DVD using Cyberlink PowerDVD for the capping and IrfanView to convert the files.