Eportfolio

Eportfolio

Leslie Davis, Memorial University of Newfoundland

Definitions and background

Over the last two decades, teacher education programs had been developing paper-based portfolios, storing artifacts in cumbersome binders (Penny & Kinslow, 2006). With the recent emergence of technology, electronic portfolios have made the distribution of student work more convenient than traditional portfolios (Hung, 2012). EPortfolios, have been developed as an extension to what is now referred to as e-learning (Balaban, Mu & Divjak, 2013). Educational institutions, as well as potential employers, may realize the full potential of ePortfolios, as information systems, to enable students to become lifelong learners (Balaban et al., 2013). “Individuals create and capture representations of themselves and their professional identity over time for documentation and presentation” (Bolliger & Shepherd, 2010, p. 298).

As an ICT platform, ePortfolios may be utilized through Web 2.0 tools (weblogs, wikis) and specialized software (commercial, open source, learning or content management systems) (Christen & Hofmann, 2008). Pedagogically, ePortfolios depend on student-centred learning, an approach that engages students and motivates them to think meaningfully and strategically (Abrami, Wade, Pillay, Aslan, Bures & Bentley, 2008). Evaluation in the constructivist approach to learning necessitates an authentic assessment, such as a portfolio, that demonstrates “student competency in various domains of learning” (Baturay and Daloglu, 2010, p. 413).

Affordances

In a study with student teachers, Chuang (2008) outlined the affordances of using weblog-based ePortfolios, from allowing straightforward online publishing, archiving, hyperlinking and categorizing of selected artifacts to blog connectedness. Students exhibiting higher order thinking skills “utilized comments, trackback, and news aggregator features of blogs both to manage their WBEP and to extract information and knowledge from them” (p. 220). Chuang (2008) also noted that multimedia added variety of self-expression to the participants’ ePortfolio, with several users expressing appreciation for faculty and peer feedback on posted teaching presentations. An ePortfolio showcase with a digital video attracts more peer comments, without affecting the quality of the feedback (Cheng & Chau, 2009). As well, the visual-auditory showcase of artifacts, and video in particular, taps into the cognitive learning process and benefits a variety of learning styles (Cheng & Chau, 2009). Online students also utilize embedded instructions, tutorials and exemplars to clearly understand what to do, brainstorm ideas, and troubleshoot technical issues (Shepherd & Bolliger, 2011).

According to Milman (2005), creating ePortfolios fostered self-confidence in preservice teachers’ technology skills, which, in turn, encouraged peer interaction. Cambridge (2008) found that the eFolio Minnesota project allowed the users who were initially enrolled as student, educator, or worker, to eventually shift roles, suggesting that the system is “promoting lifewide and lifelong learning” (p. 1235). This survey also found that since the software helped participants to create, edit, and organize information, the technology encouraged experimentation rather than lengthy planning.

In another study, on the KEEP Social Learning Suite, research by Zhang, Olfman, and Firpo (2010) illustrated that the ePortfolio system supported both personal and social constructivism through editing capabilities and options for public viewing, commenting, and collaborating. When posts can be automatically archived, the “internalization of knowledge” permits users to reflect on their initial writing as well as on comments by faculty and peers (Chuang, 2008, p. 221). This authoritativeness affordance allows dialogues with others to develop a collaborative energy. Barbera (2009) found that the ability to share and review netfolio entries among online doctoral candidates encouraged further revision and higher quality documents. In a study by Hung (2012) with language teachers, participants reported that ePorfolios helped build a community of practice, where they could interact in a virtual classroom. As well, ePortfolios enable students to receive substantial and timely support from their peers (Shepherd & Bolliger, 2011). Finally, ePortfolios allow for greater communication with parents (Wade, Abrami, & Sclater, 2005). Rather than conducting typical parent-teacher interviews, student-led conferences can provide parents an opportunity to see their child’s work as exhibited through both product and process (Wade et al., 2005).