Design and usability methods and techniques

Draft

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Introduction

This article will attempt to summarize major User interaction and user interface design, user experience design and usability methods and techniques.

In general, usable designs are created using some kind of user-centered design (UCD) methodology.

A table and list of design and usability methods

We could organize design and usability methods according to stages of the design process. We decided to make a simple table that rather represents tasks than stages. E.g. one design process could (a) start by planning, (b) go on with the analysis of the existing and/or of other's design, (c) move to a design phase producing various prototypes that (d) need to be tested. Another process could start by analyzing the existing. We argue for a user-centered design method, e.g. a participatory design cycle that looks like this:

Typical participatory user-centered design cycle

The following table roughly organizes various methods according to design and evaluation tasks. Entries will be added over time and I may change its organization again.

Table of popular design and usability methods

Method/Tool	Problem analysis & requirements	Design tasks & prototyping	System analysis & evaluation & testing tasks
Card sorting and Affinity diagrams	X	X	x
Contextual inquiry	X
Focus group	X
Scenarios of use and Personas	x	X
use cases and use case modeling	X	x
Task analysis	X
Storyboarding		X
Wireframing		X
Guidelines-based review and Heuristic evaluation		x	X
Pluralistic walkthrough and Cognitive walkthrough			X
Usability and user experience surveys			X
Usability testing (design and interaction testing)			X

Other taxonomies of design and usability methods

Below, we reproduce some taxonomies that gave us inspiration. All of these are linke to the original site and that also include further information about each method...

Usability Net provides a nice interactive methods table leading to articles of which we reproduce a cropped screen copy below:

Methods table, Copyright usability.net 2006, retrieved 18:43, 3 March 2011 (CET). Reproduction permitted provided the original source is acknowledged.

Usability.gov - managed by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services - presents a similar table leading to articles. It organizes usability methods according to where they take place in the user-centered design process.

Source: Usability.gov, retrieved 18:43, 3 March 2011. Go [1] for clickable links !

This website also provides a step-by-step visual map for guidances through the user-centered design process. We show a screen copy below:

Step-by-Step Usability Guide by usability.gov, captured March 2011.

The Nasa usability toolkit includes a (by default copyright-free) table that also is organized by stages.

Tool / Method	Requirements & Planning Stage	Conceptual Design Stage	Test & Evaluation Stage	Resources Required	Purpose of Method
Brainstorming		X		LOW	Generates design ideas
Card sorting	X	X		LOW	Helps structure interface content
Cognitive walk through		X	X	MEDIUM	Checks structure and flow against user goals
Context of use analysis	X			LOW	Specifies vital user and product characteristics
Contextual inquiry	X			MEDIUM	Provides information about users' work context
Focus group	X			LOW	Elicits user requirements/views through discussion
Functionality matrix	X	X		LOW	Specifies functions required to support tasks
Heuristic evaluation		X	X	LOW	Provides expert feedback on user interfaces
Interactive prototyping		X		MEDIUM/ HIGH	Used for testing with users
Interview techniques	X	X		LOW	Provides detailed user experience about product usage
Observation	X			MEDIUM	Describes user activity in detail
Paper prototyping		X		MEDIUM	Tests design ideas with users
Parallel design		X		HIGH	Provides one conceptual design idea from several
Participatory evaluation		X	X	MEDIUM	Detects task-related usability problems early in design
Rapid prototyping		X		MEDIUM	Allows users to visualize future systems and evaluate
Scenarios	X	X		MEDIUM	Illustrates requirements and supports conceptual design
Storyboarding		X		MEDIUM	Visualizes relationship between events and actions
Surveys	X		X	HIGH	Provides mass data from users
Task analysis	X			MEDIUM	Analyses current user work in depth
User-based testing of design			X	MEDIUM	Provides recommendations for how a design can be improved.
User-based testing of interaction			X	HIGH	Measures usability and identifies interaction problems
WAMMI - Web site			X	LOW	Provides an objective way of assessing user satisfaction
Wireframes		X		LOW	Fast and easy concept prototyping that focuses on layout, navigation and high level content

Usability Body of Knowledge includes a the following list of articles: Affinity Diagramming, Brainstorming, Card Sorting, Checklist, Claims Analysis, Context of Use Analysis, Contextual Inquiry, Critical Incident Technique (CIT), Cultural Probe, Diary Study, Ethnography, Field Study, Focus Group, Formative Evaluation, Free Listing, Function Allocation, Heuristic Evaluation, Metaphor Brainstorming, Parallel Design, Phone Interview, Photo Study, Pluralistic Usability Walkthrough, Rapid Prototyping, Rating Scales, Storyboard, Wireframe, Wizard of Oz.

Links

Standalone introductions

• Practical Usability Methods in Website Design by Darren Gerle et. al. CHI 99 2-page tutorial.

Indexes and catalogs

This section includes important and useful bundles of short tutorials, encyclopedias and websites with rich links. Last verified on March 2011. Best entry points for quick reading about specific design and usability methods. I suggest consulting at least two or three of these sites - 00:42, 12 March 2011 (CET).

• Usability Testing Toolkit: Resources, Articles, and Techniques A really good list of websites, online tools and software by Cameron Chapman, Smashing Media GmbH, retrieved March 2011.
• A-Z of user experience design resources by Dey Alexander Consulting. The many entries include good (described) links to important articles and tools
• Fluid Design Handbook is a How-to Guide filled with user-centered design (UCD) techniques you can use to learn from your users and design better user experiences.
• Common Ground (1999), A Pattern Language for Human-Computer Interface Design, by Jeniffer Tidwell. A newer version is available at Designinginterfaces.com, a support site for the author's O'Reilly book. A still newer version is in preparation as of March 2011. Design patterns rely on the concept that there exist proven design patterns (for given problems) that work.
• Usability Methods toolbox by James Hom (1998). This web site includes both short tutorials for various inquiry, inspection, testing and design methods plus links for further reading.
• Usability Methods from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. It lists 13 most important methods tabulated with design stages. More importantly, the site also includes one of the most authoritative Web design and usability guidelines
• Usability Methods at usabilityfirst.com is a smaller list of short tutorials on most popular usability methods.
• Usability Evaluation at usabilityhome.com includes a list of usability evaluation methods, grouped in testing, inspection and inquiry. Each is described with a short tutorial.
• Methods table (2006). This interactive sorted table at usability.net points to 40 popular design and usability methods tutorials.
• Usability resources. A list of resources, articles and do-it-yourself materials for those interested in usability and the user experience (from a down-under company).
• All UX evaluation methods at All about UX. The list quite long and in particular includes many entries related to affect and emotion, but entries are fairly short.
• The Ultimate Usability Resource Roundup: 60 Great Posts, Jacob Creech on Sept. 2011

On-line tools and usability services

(last checked on feb 2011, various design and usability method's articles may have additional ones ...)

• Usability Scorecard (measuringusability.com)
• UserTesting.com (for $39 hire a visitor that will send you a video message with problems found)
• WhatUsersDo.com Quote: "We video people using your website so you can see how to improve the user experience" (£ 30 and up).
• crazyegg.com/ Get heat map analytics (starting at $20/month)
• feedbackarmy.com provides a questionnaire service (you submit questions and then get answers from 10 users, a questions test is $15)
• WebSort enables you to conduct remote card sorting online. (one free study, 10 participant limit)
• FiveSecondTest.com Landing page optimization for your mocks and wireframes. (commercial, but you can do tests to earn tests)
• Usabilla Quote: "Ask your users simple questions to collect valuable feedback and discover usability issues. Use our One-Click-Tasks to measure task performance. Users simply share their feedback by clicking anywhere on your website, mockup, sketch, or image. Measure time, collect points, and get valuable feedback with notes." (commercial, free signup allows for 1 active public test with 10 participants).
• VerifyApp. You can create tests with screenshots of new designs or wireframes for your site, but you can also capture from an existing site, or pull a screenshot straight from Notable. Several tests are implemented but, sorry, no list. I won't suffer watching a video instead of reading a short feature list....
• Notable allows people to give feedback on design, content and code an any page of a website or application. (Capture with a firefox extension, upload jpg, type in URL, capture iPhone/Touch)
• Google WebSite Optimizer. Google’s free website testing and optimization tool, allows you to increase the value of your existing websites and traffic. (free service). This tool works in similar way as Google Analytics.
• Markup Allows to markup web pages for analysis and discussions. Both text and doodle.

See also web wireframe for wireframing tools

Excel workbooks and word processor forms

• Usability Test Data Logger tool. An interactive customisable Excel workbook from userfocus.co.uk (donationware).
• Usability Guidelines Checklist Excel workbook by userfocus.co.uk.

Software

Collections and indexes

• Web Metrics Testbed at the U.S., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Usability

• Experience Capture Studio (A $18750 version includes hardware)
• LiveLogger, prior version of Experience Capture Studio. Possible free for non-commercial use, upon request). According to UseTube (2006), it “acts as a dynamic notebook that tracks the time for you and allows you to choose from certain actions so that when you choose that action, it marks the time and lets you make a note regarding the circumstances.”
• Morae A suite of three usability tools (recorder, observer and manager) by TechSmith ($1500 total/ 3/2011)

Simple screen and user capture

• Silverback. A Mac OS X application: Screen capture, video of tester's face + voice, on-the-fly chapter markers, ... result is a *.mov composite. (30 days trial).
• BB FlashBack Express
• CamStudio Quote: "is able to record all screen and audio activity on your computer and create industry-standard AVI video files and using its built-in SWF Producer can turn those AVIs into lean, mean, bandwidth-friendly Streaming Flash videos (SWFs)" (open source). Software is also available from http://sourceforge.net/projects/camstudio/

Various articles

• Best Practices for Utest Logging by David Dayton, UPA 2004 Idea Markets. This reference was found in the documentation of the nice Datalogger V5 tool (userfocus.co.uk).
• Both Usability and Usability engineering articles on Wikipedia include lists of methods (and pointers for further reading).
• Usability Professionals' Accosiation (upa) Designing the User Experience Free poster for non-commercial use.
• sensible.com (Steve Krug)
• Articles & Resources at UserFocus.co.uk
• Design and Usability Methods and Techniques by Michelle Dalmau, 2008, Indiana University Usability Working Group Knowledge Base
• Focus groups vs. usability testing - what, when and why?, webcreditble, Juli 2009.
• Green, David (2006). [Development of a Web Site Usability Instrument Based on ISO 9241-11, The Journal of Computer Information Systems Fall 206.