AgentSheets

Definition

AgentSheets are a kind of authoring kit for microworld with a special but not exclusive focus on learner construction (see expressive digital medium).

• “The AgentSheets environment is an agent-based Web authoring tool enabling a wide range of end users, ranging from children to professionals, to create their own SimCity-like interactive simulations, domain-oriented visual programming languages, knowbots, cellular automata, and games. At the the blink of an eye these simulations can be compiled by the Ristretto compiler directly into Java applets that can be embedded into web pages.” [1],, retrieved 19:27, 4 September 2006.

• “From personal and information Agents to interactive demos, modifiable simulations to virtual game worlds, AgentSheets' unique user interface captivates people and draws them into a new relationship with technology. What can you do with it? Create interactive virtual worlds, modifiable simulations, training demos... and put them online fast with music, speech, video, and Java!” [2], retrieved 19:27, 4 September 2006 (MEST).

Note: Sometimes people refer to AgentSheets as "Agent sheets".

Architecture

AgentSheets is an end-user programming system to build simulation microworlds.

According to Repenning et al (2000) and Ioannidou (2003) AgentSheets can be summarized as follows:

A visual "tactile" programming environment

AgentSheets is a visual programming environment which combines agents, spreadsheets and Java authoring technologies in a single medium. Agents. Agents appear as small, movable pictures on the computer screen, and have associated behaviors which define how they interact with their environment. These behaviors are end-user programmable, and AgentSheets features a number of end-user programming approaches that allow users to create agents with complex behaviors.

The system features a "tactile style", i.e. encourages learners to play with the language and explore its functionality. Tactility is used in the sense of Papert to explain the closeness of "bricoleur" programmers to their computational objects (Papert, 1993a). Visual AgenTalk extends Papert's "Turtle" framework to the programming components themselves.

Spreadsheet-like organization

Agents are placed together in a grid, called an agentsheet or worksheet, where they interact with one another. The grid structure of a worksheet enables spatial communication between elements in cells (e.g., "seeing" what's in an adjoining cell, or counting the number of neighbors of a certain type, and responding appropriately). Worksheet cells can contain any number of agents piled on top of one other. Each agent is a unique object which can move around on the worksheet and exhibit a variety of other behaviors.

Agent programming

The built-in repertoire of conditions and actions allows agents to perceive mouse clicks, sound and keyboard input, the existence of other agents, attribute values, messages, and even web page content. Agents can be programmed to act by moving, changing their appearance, playing sounds, playing video clips, computing values, "speaking" text through voice synthesis, sending messages to other agents, opening URLs and performing several other actions.

AgentSheets' main programming language, called Visual AgenTalk (VAT), is a rule-based language allowing users to express agent behavior as IF-THEN rules containing conditions and actions. The VAT language is extensible. New conditions and actions can be added to the language to build more domain-oriented programming languages. Visual AgenTalk (VAT) allows to create the agent's behaviors by dragging conditions and actions from command palettes into rules. The palettes for conditions and actions include a wide variety of elements. For example, VAT provides conditions that check the appearance of agents and test the values of an agent's variables, and actions that set these variables, make sounds, change the appearance of agents, destroy agents, and create new agents.

Rules in VAT are grouped into methods. The primary method for each agent, called "While Running," is invoked at each simulation clock tick. When a method is invoked, its rules are tested in order, and the first rule whose conditions are true is executed. Additional methods may be created to allow users to subdivide the overall behavior into smaller tasks or to respond to special triggers, such as keyboard input, or "whacking" the agent (i.e. selecting a hammer tool from the tool bar on the side of the worksheet and clicking on the agent)

Compilation into Java

Java authoring tools. The AgentSheets environment includes the Ristretto technology that provides a simple way for users to turn their simulations into Java applets and JavaBeans, which can be embedded into web pages. This mechanism empowers users to create applications that can be shared with others over the web, without having to learn Java programming.

Recent developments

See AgentCubes (a 3D version of Agentsheets, see Repenning, 2006).

Educational usage

The AgentSheets project is anchored in a constructionist tradition. E.g. Iannidou (2003) starts by citing Papert: “From its inception, the idea of constructionism (Papert, 1993b) has been intertwined with the expressive power of computing technology. The introduction of LOGO made it possible for children to create computational structures that have conceptual depth and are capable of complex behaviors that can capture children's interest and imagination (Papert, 1980; Papert, 1993a).”

The concept of a constructivist simulation design environment

More precisely, AgentSheets is constructivist simulation design environment at at the elementary and high school level, i.e. a kind of cognitive tool. “Its fundamental aim is to explore the use of technology as means to gain a deeper understanding of complex phenomena in math, science and social studies in ways not possible without computers. Simulations can act as a kind of a thought amplifier combining human capabilities with computer affordances. As part of a learning process, a learner forms a hypothesis and expresses the hypothesis in a simulation medium. In the case of AgentSheets, ideas are represented as IF/THEN rules. Computers running simulations illustrate the consequences of the rules defined by the learner. These illustrations, in turn, help the learner to comprehend complex causalities and may stimulate further investigation.”

Student authoring can be organized in three dimensions (Repenning et al, 2000:6.1-7.8):

1. Simulations as learning tools: students learn by building simulation
2. Simulations as teaching tool: students learn by explaining to others
3. Simulations as collaboration-enabling tools

The AgentSheets project aimed particularly to improve the relationship between constructionist activities and the mainstream classroom. In practical terms, one major R&D focus was to engage students to create models or simulations of phenomena being studied in the classroom. In support, Ioannidou (2003:64) quotes a study by the Educational Testing Service (Wenglinsky, 1998) that found that students in classes which used computer simulations to teach mathematics made significant gains on standardized tests. In addition, they found that students scored significantly higher than did students in classes where computers were used for drill and practice.

“Students in our studies learn about a phenomenon and represent their knowledge in an animated graphical model, rather than simply watching or manipulating a representation provided for them. Because the models are related to other classwork, students work with concepts in the content domain of the class, not just concepts about computers or programming, to create the models. On the face of it, model creation should permit ready integration with the classroom curriculum by drawing students into more in-depth study of ideas presented as part of the standard curriculum. Despite this apparent fit, there are substantial challenges involved in making simulation building work in the classroom and with the curriculum.” (Ioannidou 2003:64)

However, increased educational effectiveness comes at a cost. Ioannidou (2003:105) admit that “our experience has shown that while constructivist learning activities are highly engaging, they are very demanding in terms of time and resources. Teachers and students need to get trained on how to use tools. Teachers need to become comfortable with the open nature of design activities. Additionally, learning depth often comes at the cost of learning breadth, which may conflict with anticipated learning goals defined in today's curriculum.”

AgentSheets in the classroom examples

AgentSheets is claimed to be interesting for a wide range of simulations, both in science and social science.

E.g. Repenning et al (2000) list:

• Collaborative learning in elementary schools, e.g. life sciences topics such as food webs and ecosystems by designing their own animals.
• Training, e.g. SimProzac patients can explore the relationships among Prozac, the neurotransmitter serotonin, and neurons.
• Educational games, e.g. a voting simulation explains concepts such as clustering, migration and stability of two party systems
• Interactive Illustrations, e.g. how a TV works
• Interactive Story Telling: History students create interactive stories of historical events such as the Montgomery bus boycott.
• Scientific Modeling, e.g. The effects of microgravity onto E.coli bacteria are modelled by NASA.
• Non-Educational Games, e.g. the process of building a game will teach about algorithms
• Deconstruction Kits / Learning by taking apart: E.g. what makes a bridge stable?

Links

• Agentsheets - old academic website

• AgentSheets - commercial
  • AgentSheets is a commercial system ($99 educational use single user, $450 for a 10 pack in 2006)
  • A trial version is available
  • This site also has show cases.

References

Main readings

• Ioannidou, A., Rader, C., Repenning, A., Lewis, C., & Cherry, G. (2003). Making Constructionism Work in the Classroom. International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 8(1), 63-108. International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 8, 1, 9/30/2003, Page 63, DOI 10.1023/A:1025617704695 (Access restricted)

• Repenning, A. and Ioannidou, A. (2006). AgentCubes: Raising the Ceiling of End-User Development in Education through Incremental 3D. in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 2006, (Brighton, United Kingdom, 2006), IEEE Press. PDF

• Repenning, A., Ioannidou, A. and Ambach, J. (1998). Learn to Communicate and Communicate to Learn. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 98 (7). HTML Hypertext - HTML

• Repenning, A., Ioannidou, A., & Zola, J. (2000). AgentSheets: End-User Programmable Simulations. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 3(3) HTML

• Repenning, A., "AgentSheets®: an Interactive Simulation Environment with End-User Programmable Agents," Interaction 2000, Tokyo, Japan, 2000 PDF

• Repenning, A. and A. Ioannidou 2005. Mr. Vetro: A Collective Simulation Framework. ED-Media 2005, World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Montreal, Canada, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. PDF

• Repenning, A., "Creating User Interfaces with Agentsheets," 1991 Symposium on Applied Computing, Kansas City, MO, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, 1991, pp. 190-196. pdf

Others

• Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas. NewYork:Basic Books.

• Papert, S. (1991). Situating Construction. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.

• Papert, S. (1993a). The Children's Machine. New York: Basic Books.

• Papert, S. (1993b). Instructionism versus Constructionism. In The Children's Machine (pp. 137-156). BasicBooks..

• Repenning, A., & Ioannidou, A. (2004). Agent-Based End-User Development. Paper in the Communications of the ACM, September 2004, Volume 47, Number 9, 43-46.

• Repenning, A., A. Ioannidou, and J. Phillips, "Collaborative Use & Design of Interactive Simulations," Proceedings of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Conference at Stanford (CSCL'99), 1999. abstract - pdf

• Repenning, A., and Ambach, J. (1997). The Agentsheets Behavior Exchange: Supporting Social Behavior Processing. CHI 97, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Extended Abstracts, (Atlanta, Georgia), 26-27. ACM Press.

• Repenning, A., and Ioannidou, A. (1997). Behavior Processors: Layers between End-Users and Java Virtual Machines. Proceedings of the 19967IEEE Symposium of Visual Languages, (Capri, Italy). Computer Society.

• Repenning, A., Rausch, M., Ioannidou, A., and Phillips, J. (1998). Using Agents as a Currency of Exchange between End-Users. WebNet, (Orlando, Florida). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).

• Repenning, A., and Sumner, T. (1994). Programming as Problem Solving: A Participatory Theater Approach. Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces, (Bari, Italy), 182-191.

• Repenning, A., and Sumner, T. (1995). Agentsheets: A Medium for Creating Domain-Oriented Visual Languages. IEEE Computer, 28, (3), 17-25.

• Walter, S. E., Forssell, K., Barron, B., & Martin, C. (2007). Continuing motivation for game design. In CHI ’07 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’07 (p. 2735). New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240866.1241071

• Wenglinsky, H. (1998). Does it Compute? The Relationship Between Educational Technology and Student Achievement in Mathematics. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.