Expertise
“The nature of expertise has been studied in two general ways. One way is to study truly exceptional people with the goal of under- standing how they perform in their domain of expertise. [...] A second research approach to expertise is to study experts in comparison to novices. This relative approach assumes that exper- tise is a level of proficiency that novices can achieve” (Chi, 2001)
“Hatano (1988) describes adaptive expertise as the meaningful and well-connected knowledge that can be applied to new tasks.”. For Alexander (2003) adaptive expertise “is a balance between innovation and efficiency where learners develop meaningful knowledge so they can adapt their skills in response to new situations” (Werner et al. 2013: 12)
Scales of expertise
According to Chi (2001) we could distinguish six levels of expertise that have been adapted from Hoffmann (1998).
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Bibliography
- Alexander, P. 2003. The Development of Expertise: The Journey from Acclimation to Proficiency. Educational Researcher, 32, 10-14.
- Billett, S. (2001). Learning in the Workplace: Strategies for Effective Practice. Allen & Unwin, PO Box 8500, St Leonards, 1590 NSW, Australia.
- Chi, M. T. (2006). Two approaches to the study of experts’ characteristics. in The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance, 21-30. PDF Preprint
- Collins, H. M., & Evans, R. (2002). The Third Wave of Science Studies Studies of Expertise and Experience. Social studies of science, 32(2), 235-296.
- Ericsson, K. A., & Smith, J. (Eds.). (1991). Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits. in Ericsson, K. A., & Smith, J. (eds). Prospects and limits of the empirical study of expertise, Cambridge University Press.
- Ericsson, K. A., & Smith, J. (1991). Prospects and limits of the empirical study of expertise: An introduction. Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits, 344.
- Herling, R. W. (2000). Operational definitions of expertise and competence. Advances in developing human resources, 2(1), 8-21.
- Holyoak, K. J. (1991). Symbolic connectionism: toward third-generation theories of expertise. Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits, 301.
- Schvaneveldt, R. W., Durso, F. T., Goldsmith, T. E., Breen, T. J., Cooke, N. M., Tucker, R. G., & De Maio, J. C. (1985). Measuring the structure of expertise. International journal of man-machine studies, 23(6), 699-728.
- Werner,Linda Charlie McDowell, Jill Denner (2013). A First Step in Learning Analytics: Pre-processing Low-Level Alice Logging Data of Middle School Students, JEDM - Journal of Educational Data Mining, Vol 5, No 2, HTML/PDF