Design thinking

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Introduction

Types of design thinking

Johansson-Sköldberg et al. (2013). [1] distinguish five types of design thinking.

  1. Design and designerly thinking as the creation of artefacts (Simon, 1969) [2]
  2. Design and designerly thinking as a reflexive practice (Schön, 1983).[3]
  3. Design and designerly thinking as a problem‐solving activity (Buchanan, 1992 based on Rittel and Webber, 1973). [4], [5], [6],
  4. Design and designerly thinking as a way of reasoning/making sense of things (Lawson, 2006 [1980]; Cross, 2006, 2011). [7], [8]
  5. Design and designerly thinking as creation of meaning (Krippendorff, 2006).[9]

Bibliography

  1. ↑ Johansson-Sköldberg, U., Woodilla, J., & Çetinkaya, M. (2013). Design Thinking: Past, Present and Possible Futures. Creativity and Innovation Management, 22(2), 121–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12023
  2. ↑ Simon, H. (1969) The Sciences of the Artificial, 1st edn. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  3. ↑ Schön, D. A., & Wiggins, G. (1992). Kinds of Seeing in Designing. Creativity and Innovation Management, 1(2), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1992.tb00031.x
  4. ↑ Buchanan, R. (2006). Wicked Problems in Design Thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637
  5. ↑ Rittel, H. and Webber, M. (1973) Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences, 5, 155–169.
  6. ↑ Cross, N. (2006) Designerly Ways of Knowing. Springer Verlag, London.
  7. ↑ Lawson, B. (2006 [1980]) How Designers Think: The Design Process Demyistfied, 4th edn. Architectual Press, Oxford.
  8. ↑ Cross, N. (2011) Design Thinking. Berg, Oxford.
  9. ↑ Krippendorff, K. (2006) The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
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