Educational technology
Definitions
- Short and basic: Technology that is used as tool in education.
- Short with a goal and a design process: Educational technology is the use of technology to improve education. It is a systematic, iterative process for designing instruction or training used to improve performance. Educational technology is sometimes also known as instructional technology or learning technology. (Wikipedia:Educational_technology)
- The study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and mananging appropriate technoloogical processes and resources. ([1])
- A definition centered on its process: "A complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization, for analyzing problems, and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning" ([2])
- "ONE DEFINITION of Educational Technology is that it is a systematic, iterative process for designing instruction or training used to improve performance" (Encyclopédia of Educational Technology)
- Educational Technology (Information Technology) according to International Technology Education Association
- Teaches with technology (uses technology as a tool)
- Primarily concerned with the narrow spectrum of information and communication technologies
- Primary goal: To enhance the teaching and learning process
See also: Wikipedia:Educational_technology
Incomplete definitions
- Using multimedia technologies or audiovisual aids as a tool to enhance the teaching and learning process. International Technology Education Association ... it's not just multimedia
- Field of education centered on the design and use of messages and physical support conditioning pedagogical situations and learning process. [3] ... it's not just conditioning
Goals of Educational Technology
Educational technology research always had an ambitious agenda. Sometimes it only aims at increased efficiency or effectiveness of current practise, but frequently it aims at pedagogical change. While it can be considered as a design science it also addresses fundamental issues of learning, teaching and social organization and therefore makes use of the full range of modern social science and life sciences methodology.
"Technology provides us with powerful tools to try out different designs, so that instead of theories of education, we may begin to develop a science of education. But it cannot be an analytic science like physics or psychology; rather it must be a design science more like aeronautics or artificial intelligence. For example, in aeronautics the goal is to elucidate how different designs contribute to lift, drag manoeuvrability, etc. Similarly, a design science of education must determine how different designs of learning environments contribute to learning, cooperation, motivation, etc." (Collins, 1992:24).
Technology is therefore both a tool and a catalyser and it can become a medium through which change can happen.
“Educational technologists would not therefore consider the computer as just another piece of equipment. If educational technology is concerned with thinking carefully about teaching and learning, then a computer has a contribution to make irrespective of its use as a means of implementation, for the design of computer based learning environments gives us a new perspective on the nature of teaching and learning and indeed on general educational objectives. (O'Shea and Self: 1983: 59).
What is it about ?
This is both simple (e.g. see the #Definitions and difficult. Besides being a field of research, Educational Technology is synonymous for Pedagogy, Learning, [Instructional Design]] with Technology and therefore an engineering discipline or an Craft (whatever you prefer).
Here is picture that shows what kinds of parameters have to enter a design:
(promised, we will replace it by a better one and expand this ...)
In other words, it doesn't make much sense to talk about Educational Technology in isolation. Therefore, see also:
History
First large scale usage of new technologies can be traced to US WWII training of soldiers through training films and other mediated materials. With evolution of technology, presentation-based technology based on the idea that people can learn contents trough aural and visual reception exist in many forms, e.g. streaming audio and video, PowerPoint presentations + voice-over. The 1950's led to 2 major still popular designs. Skinners work led to "programmed instruction" focussing on the formulation of behavioral objectives, breaking instructional content into small units and rewarding correct responses early and often. Advocating a mastery approach to learning based on his taxonomy of intellectual behaviors, Bloom endorsed instructional techniques that varied both instruction and time according to learner requirements. Models based on these designs were usually referred to as Computer-Based Training" (CBT), Computer-Aided Instruction or Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) in the 1970’s through the 1990’s. In a more simplified form they correspond to today's “e-contents” that often form the core of "e-learning" set-ups, sometimes also referred to as Web-Based Training (WBT) or E-Instruction. The course designer divides learning contents into smaller chunks of text augmented with graphics and multimedia presentation. Frequent Multiple Choice questions with immediate feedback are added for self-assessment and guidance. Such e-contents can rely on standards defined by IMS, ADL/Scorm and IEEE.
The 1980’s and 1990’s produced a variety of schools that can be put under the umbrella of the label “Computer Based Learning” (CBL). Frequently based on constructivist and cognitivist learning theories, these environments focussed on teaching both abstract and domain-specific problem solving. Preferred technologies were micro-worlds (computer environments were learners could explore and build), simulations (computer environments where learner can play with parameters of dynamic systems) and hypertext.
Digitized communication and networking in education started in the mid 80s and became popular by the mid-90’s, in particular through the World-Wide Web (WWW), eMail and Forums. There is a difference between two major forms of online learning. The earlier type, based on either Computer Based Training (CBT) or Computer Based Learning (CBL), focused on the interaction between the student and computer drills plus tutorials on one hand or micro-worlds and simulations on the other. Both can be delivered today over the WWW. Today, the prevailing paradigm in the regular school system is Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), where the primary form of interaction is between students and instructors, mediated by the computer. CBT/CBL usually means individualized (self-study) learning, while CMC involves teacher/tutor facilitation and requires scenarization of flexible learning activities. In addition, modern ICT provides education with tools for sustaining learning communities and associated knowledge management tasks. It also provides tools for student and curriculum management.
In addition to classroom enhancement, learning technologies also play a major role in full-time distance teaching. While most quality offers still rely on paper, videos and occasional CBT/CBL materials, there is increased use of e-tutoring through forums, chat rooms, video-conferencing etc. Courses addressed to smaller groups frequently use “blended” or hybrid designs that mix presence courses (usually in the beginning and at the end of a module) with distance activities and use various pedagogical styles (e.g. drill & practise, exercises, projects etc.).
The 2000’s emergence of multiple mobile and ubiquitous technologies gave a new impulse to situated learning theories favouring “learning-in-context” scenarios. Some literature uses the concept of “integrated learning” to describe blended learning scenarios that integrate both school and authentic (e.g. workplace) settings.
Families of Educational Technologies
This section is under construction, some technology or all of it (depending on you) can be combined. I (DKS) I am sure of these categories yet:
- Course-ware (Content) oriented: Computer-Based Training (CBT), Web-Based Training (WBT), main-stream E-Learning
- Activity oriented Courseware (Content): Microworlds, Simulations, Hypertext, (some) CSCL
- Community oriented: Groupware, C3MS (Community Portals), Wikis
- Communication oriented (often combined with others): Chat, Forums, Videoconferencing
- Cognitive Tools: (some) CSCL, e.g. Write to learn tools like Knowledge Forum
Educational Technologies associated to Pedagogies
Today we are facing a wide range of pedagogical strategies and available technologies. Classification schemes taking into account both dimensions can become very complex, e.g. Joyce (2000) or Reeves & Reeves (1998). We therefore conclude our short overview with a simple summary table adapted from Baumgartner & Kalz (2004) that distinguished three major forms of pedagogies and associated technology that can be observed in current on-line teaching practise.
Table 1: Three major forms of pedagogies and associated technologies (adapted from Baumgartner & Kalz, 2004).
| Dominant Strategy | Transfer (learning I) | Tutoring (learning II) | Coaching (learning III) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge type | Factual knowledge, "know-that" | Procedural knowledge, "know-how", problem solving, concepts | Social practice, "knowing in action" |
| Aims of Teaching | Transfer of propositional knowledge | Presentation of predetermined problems | Action in (complex and social) situations |
| Learning goal | to know, to remember | to do, to practise, to argue | to cope, to master |
| Assessment | Production of correct answers | Selection of correct methods and its use | Realization of adequate action strategies |
| Learning content type | Verbal knowledge, Memorization | Skill, Ability | Social Responsibility |
| Teaching and learning strategies and activities | to teach, to explain | to observe, to help, to demonstrate | to cooperate, to support |
| Preferred technologies | E-Instruction using Learning Management Systems (LMS) or Learning Content Management Systems (LCMS). Also referred to as Web-Based Training (WBT).
|
Computer-Based Learning: Simulations, Microworlds E-Tutoring combined with E-Instruction using LMSs
|
E-Coaching using Collaborative Content Management Systems (Portals, Wikis, etc.), Knowledge Forums, collaborative mobile technology. |
References
- Baumgartner, P. & Kalz, M. (2004). Content Management Systeme aus bildungstechnologischer Sicht in Baumgartner, Peter; Häfele, Hartmut & Maier-Häfele, Kornelia: Content Management Systeme für e-Education. Auswahl, Potenziale und Einsatzmöglichkeiten, Studienverlag, Innsbruck 2004.
- Collins, A. (1992). Towards a Design Science of Education In E. Scanlon & T. O'Shea (eds.), New Directions in Educational Technology. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- Joyce, B., Weil, M., Calhoun, E. : Models of teaching, 6th edition, Allyn & Bacon, 2000. ISBN 0205389279
- Reeves, T.C., Reeves, P.M., Effective Dimensions of Interactive Learning on the World Wide Web, in Web-Based Instruction, Englewood Cliffs N.J. : Educational Technology Publications, 1998