Design thinking
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Introduction
Design thinking is a concept used in many contexts. Most often it is used to describe a king of design methodology. Dorst (1997) [1], distinguishes two paradigms of current design methodology: design seen as a rational problem solving process and design considered as a reflective practice.
Types of design thinking
Johansson-Sköldberg et al. (2013). [2] distinguish five types of design thinking.
- Design and designerly thinking as the creation of artefacts (Simon, 1969) [3]
- Design and designerly thinking as a reflexive practice (Schön, 1983).[4]
- Design and designerly thinking as a problem‐solving activity (Buchanan, 1992 based on Rittel and Webber, 1973). [5], [6],
- Design and designerly thinking as a way of reasoning/making sense of things (Lawson, 2006 [1980]; Cross, 2006, 2011)[7], [8]. [9],
- Design and designerly thinking as creation of meaning (Krippendorff, 2006).[10]
Bibliography
- ↑ Buchanan, R. (2006). Wicked Problems in Design Thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637
- ↑ Johansson-Sköldberg, U., Woodilla, J., & Çetinkaya, M. (2013). Design Thinking: Past, Present and Possible Futures. Creativity and Innovation Management, 22(2), 121–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12023
- ↑ Simon, H. (1969) The Sciences of the Artificial, 1st edn. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- ↑ Schön, D. A., & Wiggins, G. (1992). Kinds of Seeing in Designing. Creativity and Innovation Management, 1(2), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1992.tb00031.x
- ↑ Buchanan, R. (2006). Wicked Problems in Design Thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637
- ↑ Rittel, H. and Webber, M. (1973) Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences, 5, 155–169.
- ↑ Cross, N. (2006) Designerly Ways of Knowing. Springer Verlag, London.
- ↑ Cross, N. (2011) Design Thinking. Berg, Oxford.
- ↑ Lawson, B. (2006 [1980]) How Designers Think: The Design Process Demyistfied, 4th edn. Architectual Press, Oxford.
- ↑ Krippendorff, K. (2006) The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL.