COAP:Privacy

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Introduction

This page includes the program and the resources for the module on digital (or Internet) privacy.

Massive use of ICT in business and private life has led to personally identifiable information (PII), i.e. information that can be used to uniquely identify, contact, or locate a single person or can be used with other sources to uniquely identify a single individual (Wikipedia). In addition, the use of social software and in particular social networking applications like Facebook allows to draw quite extensive digital profiles of many people. This situation requires - at least in principle - that persons adopt some kind of strategy to manage this information (Jones, 2008). In addition, there should be appropriate legal frameworks to protect the citizens.

Day one

Let's see how you are tracked

Install the Lightbeam and Ghostery navigator extensions according to instructions

  • Lightbeam is a Firefox extension that will tell you who is spying on you. When you start it, it will track and visualize all third party websites that interact with your page and your browser.
  • Ghostery is a Firefox/Chrome browser plugin that “sees the invisible web - tags, web bugs, pixels and beacons. Ghostery tracks the trackers and gives you a roll-call of the ad networks, behavioral data providers, web publishers, and other companies interested in your activity.”

If you do have a Google account (Gmail), see what Google knows about you:

  • Short google analytics demo

Data can be aggregated from various resources:

  • Services like 123people are dead. A few will sell data, but most aggregated data is just for business analytics and intelligence.
  • Spokeo (USA only). E.g. try Elizabeth J. Stroble (university president)

Quizzes on privacy

Most people don't seem to informed about the situation. See for yourself:

Santa Clara University quiz

Online Privacy Questions concerning US law (Hoofnagle et al., 2014, p. 17)
1. If a website has a privacy policy, it means that the site cannot share information about you with other companies, unless you give the website your permission.
True / False
2. If a website has a privacy policy, it means that the site cannot give your address and purchase history to the government
True / False
3. If a website has a privacy policy, it means that the website must delete information it has about you, such as name and address, if you request them to do so.
True / False
4. If a website violates its privacy policy, it means that you have the right to sue the website for violating it.
True / False
5. If a company wants to follow your internet use across multiple sites on the internet, it must first obtain your permission.
True / False
Offline Privacy Questions
6. When you subscribe to a newspaper or magazine by mail or phone, the publisher is not allowed to sell your address and phone number to other companies without your permission.
True / False
7. When you order a pizza by phone for home delivery, the pizza company is not allowed to sell your address and phone number to other companies without your permission.
True / False
8. When you enter a sweepstakes contest, the sweepstakes company is not allowed to sell your address or phone number to other companies without your permission.
True / False
9. When you give your phone number to a store cashier, the store is not allowed to sell your address or phone number to other companies without your permission.
True / False

Other privacy quizzes

Each student should take one and write down 1-2 surprising things.

Presentation of 1 or 2 cases

Discussion

  • Why does privacy matter ?

Regulations

Major data projection laws in Switzerland, The UK and EU directives

  • None (USA). However there are other laws that partially address the issue, plus "case law" derived from other acts, plus local regulations.

Summaries, including information from government agencies

Protection strategies

What can a user do ?

Navigators

  • Use "private browsing features" when searching for sensitive data
  • Use blocking software if you want more privacy
  • Erase cookies when closing the browser
  • Log out of Google, Yahoo etc. when you conduct search
  • ...

Social networks

  • Never post sensitive data, anywhere.
  • Think, before you post anything publicly (or privately).
  • Remove sensitive data, then ask search engines to remove old information, e.g. using Google's remove tool. Changes must be made "at the source". (How to delete yourself from the Internet, by Seth Rosenblatt, April 2012, C|Net.
  • If online data about you violates laws, you can try to act. (e.g. Google's Legal Removal Requests. However, it will not be easy ...
  • Develop your Internet strategy, i.e. plan ahead.

Further (optional) Reading

Day 2 preparation - reading list

Instructions

  1. Each student must read one paper from the reading list below (or part of it). Work will be distributed at the end of lesson 1
  2. Please come back with the following items found in your reading:
    1. One important idea or fact found in the article (issues)
    2. One guideline for either institutions that collect data or individuals that provide data
    3. One question you would like to discuss

Copies of these papers are available through an Intranet. The instructor will give you a login + password. Otherwise, you may try to obtain them through Webster's library online service.

Defining (Internet) Privacy

  1. Privacy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, First published Tue May 14, 2002; substantive revision Fri Aug 9, 2013
    • Student:
    • Summary: This article discusses the multiple facets of privacy. Good, but somewhat difficult reading.
    • Read all
  2. Daniel J. Solove (2006). Taxonomy Of Privacy, University of Pennsylvania Law Review.
    • Student: AK.
    • Read first part of The Taxonomy (p 483-490) plus the Conclusion.
    • solove-2006-taxonomy.pdf (access restricted)

Young people's behavior

  1. Boyd, Danah and Marwick, Alice E., Social Privacy in Networked Publics: Teens’ Attitudes, Practices, and Strategies (September 22, 2011). A Decade in Internet Time: Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society, September 2011. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1925128
    • Student: Arti
    • This paper represents an ethnographic study on what is teen's privacy and how it is managed
    • Read at least "Privacy in Public" (last section) plus another section on a topic that is of interest.
    • boyd-marwick-2011.pdf (access restricted)
  2. Hoofnagle, Chris Jay and King, Jennifer and Li, Su and Turow, Joseph, How Different are Young Adults from Older Adults When it Comes to Information Privacy Attitudes and Policies? (April 14, 2010). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1589864 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1589864
    • Student: LM
    • Quote: We conclude then that that young-adult Americans have an aspiration for increased privacy even while they participate in an online reality that is optimized to increase their revelation of personal data.
    • Skim the whole paper
    • hoofnagle-et-al-2010.pdf (access restricted)
  3. Marwick, Alice E. and Murgia-Diaz, Diego and Palfrey, John G., Youth, Privacy and Reputation (Literature Review). Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2010-5; Harvard Public Law Working Paper No. 10-29. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1588163 (80 pages)
    • Student: Rea
    • Quote: The scope of this literature review is to map out what is currently understood about the intersections of youth, reputation, and privacy online, focusing on youth attitudes and practices. We summarize both key empirical studies from quantitative and qualitative perspectives and the legal issues involved in regulating privacy and reputation. This project includes studies of children, teenagers, and younger college students.
    • Read pages 60-65
    • marwick-et-al-2010.pdf (access restricted)

Privacy on the Internet - practical and technical issues

  1. Djordje Krivokapi, Who Should Take Care of Identity, Privacy and Reputation? in Cortesi et al., Digitally Connected: Global Perspectives on Youth and Digital Media (March 26, 2015). Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2015-6. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2585686 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2585686
  2. Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel, Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior, PNAS 2013 110 (15) 5802-5805; published ahead of print March 11, 2013, doi:10.1073/pnas.1218772110
    • Student: PG
    • Quote: We show that easily accessible digital records of behavior, Facebook Likes, can be used to automatically and accurately predict a range of highly sensitive personal attributes including: sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious and political views, personality traits, intelligence, happiness, use of addictive substances, parental separation, age, and gender.
    • See also: MyPersonality Database
    • Read the whole article
    • Kosinski-PNAS-2013.pdf (access restricted)
  3. Seda Gürses. 2014. Can you engineer privacy?. Commun. ACM 57, 8 (August 2014), 20-23. DOI=10.1145/2633029 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2633029
    • Student:
    • Quote: We cannot engineer society, but neither are our societies independent of the systems we engineer. Hence, as practitioners and researchers we have the responsibility to engineer systems that address privacy concerns.
    • Read All
    • gurses-2014.pdf (access restricted)
  4. Paul Weiser and Simon Scheider. 2014. A civilized cyberspace for geoprivacy. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Privacy in Geographic Information Collection and Analysis (GeoPrivacy '14), Carsten Kessler, Grant D. McKenzie, and Lars Kulik (Eds.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, , Article 5 , 8 pages. DOI=10.1145/2675682.2676396 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2675682.2676396
  5. Solon Barocas and Helen Nissenbaum. 2014. Big data's end run around procedural privacy protections. Commun. ACM 57, 11 (October 2014), 31-33. DOI=10.1145/2668897 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2668897
    • Student: JC
    • Quote: When consent is given (or not withheld) or the data is anonymized, virtually any information practice becomes permissible.
    • Read all
    • barocas-et-al-2014.pdf (access restricted)
  6. Tanmay Sinha, Vrns Srikanth, Mangal Sain, and Hoon Jae Lee. 2013. Trends and research directions for privacy preserving approaches on the cloud. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM India Computing Convention (Compute '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, , Article 21 , 12 pages. DOI=10.1145/2522548.2523138 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2522548.2523138
  7. Risks to Internet Privacy (Wikipedia chapter of the Internet Privacy article)
    • Student:
    • Read all
  8. Robert Faris and David R. O’Brien, Data and Privacy, in Gasser et al. in Gasser, Urs and Zittrain, Jonathan and Faris, Robert and Heacock Jones, Rebekah, Internet Monitor 2014: Reflections on the Digital World: Platforms, Policy, Privacy, and Public Discourse (December 15, 2014). Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2014-17. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2538813.
    • Student:
    • Quote: The mismatch between traditional mechanisms for preserving privacy and the realities of digital networks are more apparent each day. The Internet, “the world’s biggest copy machine,”1 has eliminated the principal mechanism for preserving privacy; it used to be expensive to record and maintain information on the everyday comings and goings of citizens.
    • Read the introduction (p. 63-65) plus 2-3 following ultra-short articles
    • gasser-et-al-2014.pdf

Mobile apps

  1. Results of the 2014 Global Privacy Enforcement Network Sweep, OTTAWA, September 10, 2014
  2. H. Almuhimedi, F. Schaub, N. Sadeh, I. Adjerid, A. Acquisti, J. Gluck, L. Cranor and Y. Agrawal, Your Location has been Shared 5,398 Times! A Field Study on Mobile App Privacy Nudging, to appear in In Proceedings of the 33rd annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI2015. April 2015 (also available as Tech Report CMU-ISR-14-116) PDF

Privacy in Internet-supported research

  1. John Leslie King. 2015. Humans in computing: growing responsibilities for researchers. Commun. ACM 58, 3 (February 2015), 31-33. DOI=10.1145/2723675 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2723675
    • Student: AA
    • Quote: Open issues regarding human welfare will not be settled using an authoritarian approach. Computing researchers in universities and companies cannot do whatever they like. Doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows should be aware of science and engineering ethics. Ethical concerns must lead professional practice and regulation, not the other way around.
    • Read all
    • king-2015.pdf (access restricted)

Political action, law and opinions

  1. Liberty in the age of technology. ACLU, 2014, (3 pages)
    • Student:
    • Quote: Increasing government surveillance worldwide raises tough questions for democracy and civil liberty. Left unchecked, the deployment of intrusive new technologies poses a profound threat to individual privacy. What we need, says Barry Steinhardt, is stronger regulation to ensure that such technology is used fairly – by governments and businesses alike.
    • Read the whole article
  2. Jeff Jarvis, Privacy, Publicness, and the Web: A Manifesto. May 21011, IEEE Spectrum's special report on the battle for the future of the social Web.
    • Student: KS
    • Read the whole article (a short opinion piece)
  3. Bolton, Robert Lee, The Right to Be Forgotten: Forced Amnesia in a Technological Age (October 15, 2014). 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 133 (2015); John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2513652
    • Quote: In much of Europe, among the citizenry’s rights is a legal concept referred to as le droit à l’oubli. This “right to be forgotten” is a nebulous term whose exact meaning varies by country, but can generally be defined as the right of an individual to control data pertaining to them and have it destroyed if they so desire
    • Student: RC
    • Read sections "Introduction", "The Law abroad" and Conclusion
    • bolton-2015.pdf (access restricted)

Day two

Presentations / discussion

  • Each student will present the three items (an issue, a guideline, and a question)
  • We will discuss any of these (depending on participant's interests & available time)

A common text about digital privacy

(The instructor will try to compile a rough draft of student's oral contributions)

Summary of issues

  • Privacy is related to society. Without it, no need for privacy. Invasion of privacy is defined as "not consent".
  • What is consent ?
  • Young people have different definitions, also with respect to different locations (e.g. request privacy at home). Privacy of thought is important. Goffman's civil inattention. Young people want to be both private and public.
  • There is direct and indirect peer preasure to participate in social networks, even from the university. People may think that you are boring, don't want to maintain friendship, etc.
  • Survey shows that of 18-24 olds, 82% refuse to give infos to a company (same as old people).
  • Some young people have two accounts. One for the family and one for friends.

Minimal legal and ethical guidelines

Advice for protection

Additional resources

Classes
Classes (recent past)
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