Text annotation
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Introduction
By text annotation we refer to the process of annotating a text in various ways.
“Annotations are usually small text documents attached to a published article. Ideally an annotation is attached to a fragment of an article. Thereby additional information about this specific part of the content is added. An annotation is a kind of electronic post-it and may start a discussion about the annotated part.” (Krottmaier, 2003).
“Ovsiannikov, Arbib, & Mcneill (1999) suggested that online annotations involve four major functions: remembering, thinking, clarifying, and sharing.” (Yeh et al, 2006).
Software
Fragment annotation systems
- Online word processors
- Google docs
- Zoho writer
- Microsoft Office (web discussion)
Online journals
- Annotea (Kahan), comments, notes and explanations
- Diigo, an extension to the popular social bookmarking tool
- AnnotatEd (Farzan & Brusilovsky)
Personal web page annotation systems
Use cases in education
In education, we may distinguish two kinds of text annotations
- Notes a reader makes to himself/herself when studying texts or when noting references they plan to further investigate (Wolfe, 2002).
- Comments a reader makes for someone else.
Annotations can by typed, e.g. marked as questions or answers.
- “Bargeron, et al, (2001) claimed, tools for manipulating and rearranging annotations can scaffold different note-taking and information strategies that help students learn to move from reading to writing. Specifically, annotations can provide in-context personal notes and can enable asynchronous collaboration among groups of user”. (cited by Yeh et al, 2006).
Bibliography
- Farzan, R. & Brusilovsky, P. (2006). AnnotatEd: A Social Navigation and Annotation Service for Web-based Educational Resources. In T. Reeves & S. Yamashita (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2006 (pp. 2794-2802). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Abstract/PDF
- Kahan, J., Koivunen, M.-R., Prud’Hommeaux, E., and Swick, R. R. (2001). Annotea: An open rdf infrastructure for shared web annotations. In Proceedings of the WWW10 International Conference.
- Krottmaier, H. (2003). Enhanced Annotations. In C. Crawford et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2003 (pp. 991-993). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Abstract/PDF
- Krottmaier, H. and Helic, D. (2002). More than Passive Reading: Interactive Features in Digital Libraries. In Proceedings of E-Learn, Montreal, Canada.
- Marshall, C. C. (1997). Annotation: From paper books to digital library. In ACM DL, pages 131–140.
- Ovsiannikov, I.A., Arbib, M.A., and Mcneill, T. H. (1999). Annotation Technology. International Journal, Human-Computer Studies, 50, 329-362.
- Yeh, S., Lo, J. & Huang, J. (2006). The Development of an Online Annotation System for EFL Writing with Error Feedback and Error Analysis. In E. Pearson & P. Bohman (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2006 (pp. 2480-2485). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Abstract/PDF
- Wolfe, J. (2002). Annotation technologies: A software and research review. Computers and Composition, 19, 471-497.