Learning contract: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
According to <ref name="chyung2007">Chyung, S. Y. (2007). Invisible Motivation of Online Adult Learners during Contract Learning. Journal of Educators Online, 4(1), 1. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ907744.pdf</ref>, {{quotation|Knowles (1975, 1986, 1987) <ref> Knowles, M. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</ref>, who pioneered the development of the concept and application of learning contracts, uses the terms contract learning and learning contracts interchangeably and explains that, | |||
: "It is the method of choice when regular courses are not available in a particular subject, when learners cannot attend campus-based courses, when desired learning cut across disciplines, when there is a wide range of differences among learners, and when instructors or institutions have a commitment to develop the skills of self-directed learning. (Knowles, 1986, p. 42-43)<ref name="knowles1986"> Knowles, M. (1986). Using learning contracts. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</ref> | |||
Another more specific form of contract learning is ‘contract grading.’ It is to make “an | |||
agreement between a teacher and a student at the beginning of a course as to the grade the student expects to receive and the amount and quality of work he is expected to produce to earn this grade” (Berte, 1975, p. 1)<ref>Bert, N. R. (1975). Individualization and contracting. In N. Bert (Ed.), New directions for higher education: Individualizing education by learning contracts (pp. 1-7). San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.</ref>. The main purpose of using a contract grading strategy is to help learners build serious commitment for producing agreed or sometimes negotiated learning outcomes. }} | |||
== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
<references/> | |||
Revision as of 15:31, 13 April 2016
Introduction
According to [1], “Knowles (1975, 1986, 1987) [2], who pioneered the development of the concept and application of learning contracts, uses the terms contract learning and learning contracts interchangeably and explains that,
- "It is the method of choice when regular courses are not available in a particular subject, when learners cannot attend campus-based courses, when desired learning cut across disciplines, when there is a wide range of differences among learners, and when instructors or institutions have a commitment to develop the skills of self-directed learning. (Knowles, 1986, p. 42-43)[3]
Another more specific form of contract learning is ‘contract grading.’ It is to make “an agreement between a teacher and a student at the beginning of a course as to the grade the student expects to receive and the amount and quality of work he is expected to produce to earn this grade” (Berte, 1975, p. 1)[4]. The main purpose of using a contract grading strategy is to help learners build serious commitment for producing agreed or sometimes negotiated learning outcomes.”
Bibliography
- ↑ Chyung, S. Y. (2007). Invisible Motivation of Online Adult Learners during Contract Learning. Journal of Educators Online, 4(1), 1. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ907744.pdf
- ↑ Knowles, M. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- ↑ Knowles, M. (1986). Using learning contracts. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- ↑ Bert, N. R. (1975). Individualization and contracting. In N. Bert (Ed.), New directions for higher education: Individualizing education by learning contracts (pp. 1-7). San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.