Hotfix stone

Draft

Introduction

Hotfix or (hotfix stones) are decorations like rhinestone, rhinestuds, nailhead, etc. that can be glued to on textiles or other materials by heating them.

“Flatback crystals which are often called rhinestones have a faceted face one side and a flatback on the opposite side usually with a foiled backing. They are available in a range of materials the cheapest being acrylic and the highest quality and most expensive Swarovski Crystal. They come in a range of shapes and sizes the most popular of which being the circular flatback you can see above which are used for crystallizing such things as nails, lips, clothing, footwear, statues, artwork, gadgets and much more…” (Guide to Using Flatback Crystals (Oct 2, 2017).

According to Wikipedia, “Hot fix rhinestones, also called heat transfer rhinestones, are mainly used for apparel. The flat bottom of the stone has a glue backing and when heated melts onto the surface of the clothing. These can be adhered using a regular iron, however, it is recommended to use a heat press, as they are able to reach higher temperatures (standard transfers require temperatures of up to 180–200 °C (350–400 °F), which regular irons are not capable of) while applying heavy pressures resulting in a more professional standard quality.” (Oct 2, 2017).

Hotfix stone sizes

Rhinestones size are either defined with "ss" (stone size) or pp (pearl plate). PP is a more precise measure.

According to Guide to Using Flatback Crystals (Oct. 2017), as general guide, the following sizes are used:

• ss3 – ss7 : Nail art (7 being the more popular size)
• ss8 – ss10 : Generally used for filler crystals, tiny objects or creating intricate artwork with crystals in conjunction with other crystal sizes.
• ss12 – ss20 : Footwear, clothing or accessorizing gadgets.
• ss30 – ss48 : Clothing especially dance costumes to add some sparkle.

According to Creative Crystal, customers, prefer 4mm (16ss), 3mm (10ss) and 7mm (34ss) in that order.

The procedure for computing the rough amount of stones needed:

• Compute the surface in mm: width X length if you have a square
• Select the stone size in mm
• Divide surface / stone_size

Example: A filled circle of 10 cm (that is quite a lot !) to filled with stones that have a width (diameter) of 5mm.

• Surface of circle formula: radius² * PI
• Surface: 3.14 * 50² = 7854 mm²
• SS22 surface: 5² = 25 mm²
• Stones needed: 7850 / 25 = 314

Size table

The following table includes appromixamte rounded mm values. Various source on the Internet include contradictory information. Do not trust these values, verify with other sources please. Also, different manufacturers, may use somewhat different sizes.

ss	pp	ø mm	Savarovski
000	1	0.8 - 0.9
00	2	0.9 - 1
0	3	1.0 - 1.1
1	4	1.1 - 1.2
2	5	1.2 - 1.3
2½	6	1.3 - 1.35
3	7	1.35 - 1.4	1.4
3½	8	1.4 - 1.5
4	9	1.5 - 1.6	1.6
4½	10	1.6 - 1.7
5	11	1.7 - 1.8	1.8
5½	12	1.8 - 1.9
6	13	1.9 - 2.0	2.0
6½	14	2.0 - 2.1
7	15	2.1 - 2.2	2.2
7½	16	2.2 - 2.3
8	17	2.3 - 2.4	2.4
8½	18	2.4 - 2.5
9	19	2.5 - 2.6	2.6
9½	20	2.6 - 2.7
10	21	2.7 - 2.8	3.0
11	22	2.8 - 2.9
11½	23	2.9 - 3.0
12	24	3.0 - 3.2	3.2
13	25	3.2 - 3.3
13½	26	3.3 - 3.4
14	27	3.4 - 3.5	3.5
14½	28	3.5 - 3.6
15	29	3.6 - 3.7
15½	30	3.7 - 3.8
16	31	3.8 - 4.0	4.0
17	32	4.0 - 4.2
17½	33	4.1 - 4.2
18	34	4.3 - 4.4
18½	35	4.5
19	36	4.5 - 4.6
19½	37	4.5
20	-	4.6 - 4.8	5.0
21	-	4.8 - 4.9
22	-	4.9 - 5.0
23	-	5.0 - 5.2
24	-	5.2 - 5.4
25	-	5.4 - 5.6
26	-	5.6 - 5.8
27	-	5.8 - 6.0
28	-	6.0 - 6.2
29	-	6.2 - 6.4
30	-	6.4 - 6.6	6.5
31	-	6.6 - 6.8
32	-	6.8 - 7.0
33	-	7.0 - 7.2
34	-	7.2 - 7.4	7.0
35	-	7.4 - 7.6
36	-	7.6 - 7.8
37	-	7.8 - 8.0
38	-	8.0 - 8.2
39	-	8.2 - 8.4
40	-	8.4 - 8.7	8.5
41	-	8.7 - 9.1
42	-	9.1 - 9.5
43	-	9.5 - 9.8
44	-	9.8 - 10.1
45	-	10.1 - 10.5
48	-	10.9 - 11.3	11
50	-	11.7 - 12.0
60	-	14.2 - 14.5
63	-	15.0 - 15.2
70	-	16.7 - 17.0
80	-	19.2 - 17.5
83	-	20.0 - 20.2

Software

Embroidery software

Stitch Era includes an optional module for hotfix designs. It can output design stencils or templates that can be printed with different laser and vinyl cutters.

The software allows drawing shapes that then can be filled with slots for stones according to several parameters.

Online auxiliary tools

(to do)

Textiles and varieties

Textiles

Hotfix stones can be applied to variety of textiles. According to Understanding Hotfix by Harman, hotfix rhinestones should only be used when the material it is being applied to has all of the following attributes:

1. Heat resistant (min of 250°F/ 120°C) (e.g most plastics are not heat resistant)
2. Resistant against pressure
3. Porous/Absorbent - it does have any waterproof or other coating that would make it non porous. The water drop test is a quick and easy way to get an initial idea of the absorbency of the carrier material. Apply a couple of water drops onto the carrier material. If the material quickly absorbs the drops, it offers good absorbency. If the water pearls off the carrier material, or if it takes a long time to be absorbed, the material offers insufficient absorbence.

They also provide a list of unsuitable fabrics, e.g. very tightly woven textiles, extremely thin fabrics, smooth leather and smooth imitation leather and water repellant treated materials.

Hotfix varieties

Hotfix Rhinestones come in several varieties and qualities.

• Swarovski Rhinestones are the best quality in any color. They have a 14 facet cut for most of the size from SS10 --SS40. For smaller ones, they use a 12 facet Cut. 100 4mm (SS 16) can cost between 5 and 20 Euros on Amazon.fr
• Preciosa Rhinestones also have a 14 faceted cut in larger sizes and are much cheaper than Swarovski stones, e.g. 350 SS16 cost 5 Euros on Amazon.fr
• DMC rhinestone (Diamant Machine Cut) is a korean rhinestone company or comparatively high quality, but cheaper than Swarovski. E.g. 1000 SS 16 can cost 10 Euros. On AliExpress I have seen offers for 1440 pieces at $5.

Applying hotfix stones

Hotfix stones can be fixed with different methods. All of them are defined by four parameters

• Amount of heat depends on the maker. E.g. Swarovski has a range of 120 °C to 170 °
• Time: E.g. 20 seconds for 160 °C and 60 seconds for 120 °C when applied from the front.
• Pressure: A certain amount of pressure must be applied but not too much since otherwise the glue will spread out.
• Side of application (from top or from underneath)

Both time and heat are highly connected. Higher temperature requires less time.

Hardware

Hotfix applicators

Hotfix applicators are cheap devices that look a bit like a soldering iron. They allow heating a hotfix stone one by one. It has a removable ends that will adapt to various hotfix forms.

Ultrasonic devices

This looks an applicator but works with ultrasonic fiction as opposed to a heated end. More expensive

Heatpress

A heat press can glue a whole set. Some heat presses also can be used to transfer other materials.

Iron without holes

A simple iron (without holes also can do)