View source for Inclusive Education and Social Software

== Introduction ==

James Durnford
Memorial University of Newfoundland 

	This [[wiki]] explores some of the links between inclusion and [[social software]]. 


== Inclusion ==

For many years learners with special needs, and their teachers, were largely segregated from the rest of the school (Honey, Culp, & Spielvogel, 2005). [Jimenez and Graf (2008)][http://books.google.ca/books?id=VETa3w1XWIEC&lpg=PA71&ots=zUI9XQzYk-&dq=inclusion%20benefit%20all%20students&lr=&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false] observed that all students belong in regular schools and classrooms, and that inclusive programs can benefit everyone. [Honey et al.][http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/methods/technlgy/te800.htm#langlearner] reported that schools today are becoming more inclusive. Inclusion, or inclusive education, involves more than simply allowing children with special needs a place to sit inside the regular classroom (Corbett, 2001, p.58 as cited in [Schneider, 2009, p.11][http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ije/article/viewFile/101/47]). Students with special needs, regardless of the extent, or form, of their disability, should be welcomed, valued and encouraged ([Brandon, 2006][http://www.natefacs.org/JFCSE/v24no1/v24no1Brandon.pdf]). The National Center on Educational Restructuring and Inclusion ([FSU Center for Prevention & Early Intervention Policy, 2002][http://www.cpeip.fsu.edu/resourceFiles/resourceFile_18.pdf]), outlines the characteristics of inclusion as a situation where all students, including those with considerable disabilities, are offered equal opportunities to receive a meaningful education. In addition, instruction should occur in age suitable classrooms in local schools, with special needs students receiving the necessary additional aids and support services, in order to prepare them for productive lives as full members of society ([FSU Center for Prevention & Early Intervention Policy][http://www.cpeip.fsu.edu/resourceFiles/resourceFile_18.pdf]). 
  	 


== Social Software ==
 

[[Web 2.0]], while not a complete reinvention of the internet, can be called the 'social Web'[[http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Social_software]], since its content can be more easily produced and posted by users, unlike Web 1.0 ([Boulos, & Wheeler, 2007][http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118001749/PDFSTART]). Even though many [[Web 2.0]] tools were not intended exclusively for use in education, they have many features that support their use in a range of learning environments ([Hartshorne & Ajjan, 2009][http://www.springerlink.com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/content/565114m2062t6737/fulltext.pdf]). Online [[social software]] offers an incomparable opportunity to incorporate numerous types of decidedly unique internet resources into educational settings, including media that can encourage the growth of decidedly hands-on and multisensory learning environments (Jakes, 2003 as cited in [Solomon & Schrum, 2007][http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZKKQMLir_mMC&lpg=PA1&dq=Web%202.0%3A%20new%20tools%2C%20new%20schools%20%20By%20Gwen%20Solomon%2C%20Lynne%20Schrum&pg=PA1%23v=onepage&q=&f=false]). This sort of rich, multisensory approach allows students to take advantage of any strength to overcome disadvantages ([Logsdon, 2010][http://learningdisabilities.about.com/od/instructionalmaterials/p/mulitsensory.htm]).
 
Appealing to the various strengths and interests of individuals and groups of students is a strategy for inclusion ([Hay, & Courson, 2000][http://web.ebscohost.com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=13&sid=211e48d2-38ea-48a8-b14a-71f7e612fc76%40sessionmgr10&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=eric&AN=EJ589377]). Differentiated instruction is also a fundamental characteristic of any classroom in today’s schools, particularly those involved in Inclusive Education, if the needs of the many diverse learners are to be met ([Pearce, 2009][http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=7&ved=0CBYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.wayne.edu%2Fwholeschooling%2FJournal_of_Whole_Schooling%2Farticles%2F5-2%2520Pearce.doc&ei=dbltS9eBHIOCNuO23d0B&usg=AFQjCNF38_EEP3whKHeJWQbin85-JjCF8Q]).    Many of the unique features of social websites[[http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Social_software]] would allow students of varying abilities to find, develop, and discuss common interests.  [Futurelab][http://www.futurelab.org.uk/resources/documents/handbooks/digital_inclusion3.pdf] reported in 2009 that, many online communities focused on particular hobbies such as photography which may engage the interest of particular groups of students (p.36). Such sites allow for tagging, and commenting thereby providing methods of collaborating and exploring mutual interests. [[Web 2.0]] applications offer an innovative array of opportunities for students to express their capabilities, in engaging and worthwhile activities, whatever talents and expertise they may possess ([Crook, & Harrison, 2008][http://partners.becta.org.uk/upload-dir/downloads/page_documents/research/web2_ks34_summary.doc]). 

Social websites[[http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Social_software]] are already used by millions of people every day and user numbers are continuing to grow, with active users increasing by tens of millions each month, and monthly postings and uploads numbering in the billions ([News Editor, 2010][http://trak.in/tags/business/2010/02/01/social-media-statistics-facebook-twitter-flickr-linkedin/]).  These numbers indicate that for many people around the world, “the most significant news is what you and those you have reason to care about, did yesterday, are doing today, and plan to do tomorrow” ([Klamma et al., 2007 p.73][http://www.ifets.info/journals/10_3/6.pdf]). This familiarity can aid in the introduction of [[social software]] as learning tools, since many students are actively participating in the use of the service(s) there are no impediments to their implementation into classrooms ([Pitner et al., 2007 p.55][http://i-know.tugraz.at/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/6_web-20-as-platform-for-inclusive-universal-access-in-cooperative-learning-and-knowledge-sharing.pdf]).  Pitner et al. found that the boundary separating education and the real, private world of users essentially disappears, producing a sense of comfort and security. Comfort and security are desirable features in inclusive learning environments ([Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 2009][http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/k12/inclusion.html]). 

Accessibility to course material, projects, teachers, and even the school itself, may be an issue for some students. One distinctive advantage of the online setting has been the capacity to overcome time/place restrictions on instruction and learning ([Donoghue, 2006 p.83)][http://www.ifets.info/journals/9_4/8.pdf]. [Hocking (2008)][http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=socialwrk_students] found that absenteeism and drop-out rates were particularly significant for special needs students. Missing out on substantial amounts of school time, or failing to graduate, can be an educationally and socially damaging issue for students according to [Hocking][http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=socialwrk_students]. Affordable hardware and free [[social software]] provide viable alternatives for overcoming these barriers; this technology also allows parents and teachers many more options and opportunities for staying in touch with students and each other. As [Hardman and Carpenter (2007)][http://www.graysonelementary.org/gesstudentwebsite/supportdocs/web20/breathing-fire-into-web-20.pdf] observe, teachers are only a mouse click away from communication with not only parents but other school stakeholders as well. 

According to [Jukes and Dosaj (2004)][http://www.wright.edu/~marguerite.veres/786syl/growingupdigit.pdf], the amount of time that recent college graduates spent using electronics such as video games, televisions, telephones and computers is more than triple the combined number of hours they spent reading and attending school. In light of these numbers it seems logical to integrate the technology, to which students have grown so accustomed, into the classroom.  Meanwhile, even though [[social software]] may have a lot to offer students and teachers attempting to achieve learning goals in inclusive classrooms, [Walker and Creanor (2009)][http://www.ifets.info/journals/12_4/26.pdf] point out, that online [[social software]]  such as wikis or social networks accomplish very little by themselves; it is the system of people, web sites and activities which creates something of value (p.314). 

 

== References ==

Boulos, M., & Wheeler, S. (2007). The Emerging web 2.0 social software: an enabling suite of sociable technologies in health and health care education. Health Information & Libraries Journal  ISSN: 1471-1842 (Online) ISSN: 1471-1834 (Print) Volume 24, Issue 1, 2007. pp. 2–23 Retrieved January 28th, 2010 from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118001749/PDFSTART

Brandon, D. P. (2006). Botswana’s family and consumer sciences teachers’ attitude towards the inclusion of students with physical disabilities. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 24(1). Retrieved from http://www.natefacs.org/JFCSE/v24no1/v24no1Brandon.pdf. 

Crook, C, & Harrison, H. (2008). Web 2.0 technologies for learning at key stages 3 and 4: summary report. Becta, Leading next generation learning. Retrieved from http://partners.becta.org.uk/upload-dir/downloads/page_documents/research/web2_ks34_summary.doc 

Daniels, H., & Garner, P. (1999). Inclusive education Retrieved January 24th, 2010 from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=K1B7on0ahC0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA36&dq=inclusion+education+definition&ots=BUOuZKYsqQ&sig=o_JT5y32PAoO1UN8uiRc4_BEC8Q#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Donoghue, S. L. (2006). Institutional Potential for Online Learning: A Hong Kong Case Study. Educational Technology & Society, 9 (4), 78-94.  Retrieved January 24th, 2010 from http://www.ifets.info/journals/9_4/8.pdf

Florida State University Center for Prevention & Early Intervention Policy, 2002. Inclusion White Paper. Funded by the Florida Developmental Disabilities Council 11/26/02 © 2002 Retrieved January 24th, 2010 from http://www.cpeip.fsu.edu/resourceFiles/resourceFile_18.pdf

Futurelab, 2009.  Using digital technologies to promote inclusive practices in education. Retrieved January 21st, 2010 from http://www.futurelab.org.uk/resources/documents/handbooks/digital_inclusion3.pdf

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 2009. What makes inclusion work in schools? Retrieved February 6th, 2010 from http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/k12/inclusion.html

Hardman, J., & Carpenter, D. (2007). Breathing fire into web 2.0. Learning & Leading with Technology.  International Society for Technology in Education. pp. 18-21. Retrieved February 6th, 2010 from http://www.graysonelementary.org/gesstudentwebsite/supportdocs/web20/breathing-fire-into-web-20.pdf 

Hartshorne, R., & Ajjan, H. (2009). Examining Student Decisions to Adopt Web 2.0 Technologies: Theory and Empirical Tests. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 21(3), 183-198. [Retrieved from ERIC database.][http://www.springerlink.com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/content/565114m2062t6737/fulltext.pdf]

Hay, G., & Courson, F. (1997). Strategies for Success in Inclusive Classrooms. Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 13(1), 97-100. [Retrieved from ERIC database][http://search.ebscohost.com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ589377&site=ehost-live&scope=site].

Hocking, C. (2008). The Contributing factors to student absenteeism/truancy and the effectiveness of social services and interventions. Digital Commons, Providence College. Retrieved February 8th, 2010 from http://digitalcommons.providence.edu
/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=socialwrk_students 

Honey, M., Culp, K., & Spielvogel, R. (2005). Using Technology to improve student achievement. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, Retrieved from http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/methods/technlgy/te800.htm#langlearner 

Jimenez, T, & Graf, V. (2008). Education for all. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=VETa3w1XWIEC&lpg=PA71&ots=zUI9XQzYk-&dq=inclusion%20benefit%20all%20students&lr=&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false 

Jukes, I., & Dosaj, A. (2004). Understanding digital kids (dks) teaching & learning in the new digital landscape. The Info Savy Group, 01-27. Retrieved January 31st, 2010 from http://www.wright.edu/~marguerite.veres/786syl/growingupdigit.pdf 

News Editor, 2010. Very Interesting Social Media Statistics: Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Linkedin and more… Retrieved February 1st, 2010, from http://trak.in/tags/business/2010/02/01/social-media-statistics-facebook-twitter-flickr-linkedin/

Klamma, R., Chatti, M. A., Duval, E., Hummel, H., Hvannberg, E. H., Kravcik, M., Law, E., et al. (2007). Social Software for Life-long Learning. Educational Technology & Society, 10 (3), 72-83.  Retrieved January 22nd t, 2010, from http://www.ifets.info/journals/10_3/6.pdf

Logsdon, A., 2010.  Multisensory Techniques - Make Multisensory Teaching Materials.  Retrieved January 28th, 2010, from http://learningdisabilities.about.com/od/instructionalmaterials/p/mulitsensory.htm

McMahon, G. (2009). Critical Thinking and ICT Integration in a Western Australian Secondary School. Educational Technology & Society, 12 (4), 269–281. Retrieved January 22nd, 2010, from http://www.ifets.info/journals/12_4/23.pdf

Pearce M. (2009). The Inclusive Secondary School Teacher In Australia. International Journal of Whole Schooling. Vol 5 No.2 Retrieved February 6th, 2010, from [ww_w.coe.wayne.edu/wholeschooling/...of...Schooling/.../5-2%20Pearce.doc] [http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=7&ved=0CBYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.wayne.edu%2Fwholeschooling%2FJournal_of_Whole_Schooling%2Farticles%2F5-2%2520Pearce.doc&ei=dbltS9eBHIOCNuO23d0B&usg=AFQjCNF38_EEP3whKHeJWQbin85-JjCF8Q]

Pitner, M., Derntl, M., Hampel, T. & Motschnig-Pitrik, R. (2007). Web 2.0 as Platform for Inclusive Universal Access in Cooperative Learning and Knowledge Sharing. Proceedings of I-KNOW ’07 Graz, Austria, September 5-7. Retrieved January 28th, 2010, from http://i-know.tugraz.at/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/6_web-20-as-platform-for-inclusive-universal-access-in-cooperative-learning-and-knowledge-sharing.pdf

Schneider, C. (2009). Equal is not enough - current issues in inclusive education in the eyes of children. International Journal of Education, 1(1), 01-14. Retrieved January 30th, 2010, from http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ije/article/viewFile/101/47

Solomon G. & Schrum L. 2007.  Web 2.0 New Tools, New Schools. International Society for Technology in Education Retrieved January 30th, 2010, from http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZKKQMLir_mMC&lpg=PA1&dq=Web%202.0%3A%20new%20tools%2C%20new%20schools%20%20By%20Gwen%20Solomon%2C%20Lynne%20Schrum&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Walker, S., & Creanor, L. (2009). The STIN in the Tale: A Socio-technical Interaction Perspective on Networked Learning. Educational Technology & Society, 12 (4), 305–316. Retrieved January 25th, 2010 from http://www.ifets.info/journals/12_4/26.pdf
 

 [[category:Learning approaches and technology trends]]