Male Contraceptives 08

--AnneVR 8 janvier 2009 à 11:18 (MET) --MelodyF 13 janvier 2009 à 15:21 (MET)

Introduction : What is contraception?

Contraception or birth control is the term used for the prevention of pregnancy.

There are many kinds of contraceptives,the male and female ones. They are both very efficient but work in different ways. We're going to explain the male ones.

Contraception (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.

What are the different contraceptives for men and how do they work?

There are many contraceptives for men but the most used are the following ones. We didn't consider sterilization in it, because it's an entire subject.

The condom

A condom is a device most commonly used during sexual intercourse. It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner. Condoms are used to prevent pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs—such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV).

In the modern age, condoms are most often made from latex, but some are made from other materials such as polyurethane, or lamb intestine. As a method of contraception, male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, having few side-effects, and of offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

Condoms have been used for at least 400 years. Since the nineteenth century, they have been one of the most popular methods of contraception in the world. While widely accepted in modern times, condoms have generated some controversy.

Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in both men and women. While not perfect, the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of HIV, genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other diseases.

Causes of failure

Condoms may slip off the penis after ejaculation,[105] break due to improper application or physical damage (such as tears caused when opening the package), or break or slip due to latex degradation (typically from usage past the expiration date, improper storage, or exposure to oils). The rate of breakage is between 0.4% and 2.3%, while the rate of slippage is between 0.6% and 1.3%.[99] Even if no breakage or slippage is observed, 1–2% of women will test positive for semen residue after intercourse with a condom.[106][107] "Double bagging," using two condoms at once, also increases the risk of condom failure.[108][109]

Different modes of condom failure result in different levels of semen exposure. If a failure occurs during application, the damaged condom may be disposed of and a new condom applied before intercourse begins - such failures generally pose no risk to the user.[110] One study found that semen exposure from a broken condom was about half that of unprotected intercourse; semen exposure from a slipped condom was about one-fifth that of unprotected intercourse.[111]

Standard condoms will fit almost any penis, although many condom manufacturers offer "snug" or "magnum" sizes. Some manufacturers also offer custom sized-to-fit condoms, with claims that they are more reliable and offer improved sensation/comfort. [112][67][113] Some studies have associated larger penises and smaller condoms with increased breakage and decreased slippage rates (and vice versa), but other studies have been inconclusive.[79]

Experienced condom users are significantly less likely to have a condom slip or break compared to first-time users, although users who experience one slippage or breakage are more likely to suffer a second such failure.[114] An article in Population Reports suggests that education on condom use reduces behaviors that increase the risk of breakage and slippage.[115] A Family Health International publication also offers the view that education can reduce the risk of breakage and slippage, but emphasizes that more research needs to be done to determine all of the causes of breakage and slippage.[79]

Among people who intend condoms to be their form of birth control, pregnancy may occur when the user has sex without a condom. The person may have run out of condoms, or be traveling and not have a condom with them, or simply dislike the feel of condoms and decide to "take a chance." This type of behavior is the primary cause of typical use failure (as opposed to method or perfect use failure).[116]

Another possible cause of condom failure is sabotage. One motive is to have a child against a partner's wishes or consent.[117] Some commercial sex workers report clients sabotaging condoms in retaliation for being coerced into condom use.[118] Placing pinholes in the tip of the condom is believed to significantly impact their effectiveness.[107][119]

The spermicide

• The spermicide alone : A foam, cream, jelly, film, or suppository, or tablet containing nonoxynol-9. Depending on product, it is inserted between five and 90 minutes before intercourse. It is usually left in place at least six to eight hours after.

References

http://www.malecontraceptives.org/

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