biorousso - Contributions [fr]

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-02-22T14:45:40Z

ThomasT : /* Disadvantages */

--[[Utilisateur:AnneVR|AnneVR]] 8 janvier 2009 à 11:18 (MET)
--[[Utilisateur:MelodyF|MelodyF]] 13 janvier 2009 à 15:21 (MET)
--[[Utilisateur:ThomasT|ThomasT]] 20 janvier 2009 à 15:49 (MET)

=Introduction : What is contraception?=

Contraception or birth control is the term used for the prevention of pregnancy.

There are many kinds of contraceptives, the male and female ones. They are both very efficient but work in different ways.
We're going to explain the male ones.
{{co|Your English isn't precise enough here. I would talk about the fact that contraceptives can be used by either males or females.... etc...}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 4 février 2009 à 22:48 (MET)

Contraception (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization,
and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.

=What are the different contraceptives for men and how do they work?=

There are many contraceptives for men but the most used are the following ones. We didn't consider [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Sterilization_08 sterilization] and especially vasectomy in it, because this chapter is studied by another group. 
Each one has its own particular uses and we must consider them all to understand when and how they can be used and if they are really efficient.

==The condom==

A condom is a device most commonly used during sexual intercourse. It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner. Condoms are used to prevent pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs—such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV).

In the modern age, condoms are most often made from latex. As a method of contraception, male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, having few side-effects, and of offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

Condoms have been used for at least 400 years. Since the nineteenth century, they have been one of the most popular method of contraception in the world. While widely accepted in modern times, condoms have generated some controversy.

Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases ([http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/STDs_08 STDs]). They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in both men and women. While not perfect, the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of HIV, genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other diseases.

Some condoms contain also spermicide which guarantees a better efficiency. We'll develop this in the spermicide's section.

*Causes of failure:

Condoms may slip off the penis after ejaculation, break due to improper application or physical damage (such as tears caused when opening the package), or break or slip due to latex degradation (typically from usage past the expiration date, improper storage, or exposure to oils). The rate of breakage is between 0.4% and 2.3%, while the rate of slippage is between 0.6% and 1.3%. Even if no breakage or slippage is observed, 1–2% of women will test positive for semen residue after intercourse with a condom. "Double bagging," using two condoms at once, also increases the risk of condom failure.

Different modes of condom failure result in different levels of semen exposure. If a failure occurs during application, the damaged condom may be disposed of and a new condom applied before intercourse begins - such failures generally pose no risk to the user. One study found that semen exposure from a broken condom was about half that of unprotected intercourse; semen exposure from a slipped condom was about one-fifth that of unprotected intercourse.

===Advantages===
*Cheap
*Easy to use
*Prevent pregnancy with an efficiency of 90% to 99%
*Protect from STD's

===Disadvantages===
*Some men are allergic to latex
*Some couples find it uncomfortable
*One must always have one with him

==The male pill==
Scientists are currently working to develop a male contraceptive pill that will allow men to control their fertility, in much the same way that the female contraceptive pill allows women to.

*How will it work?
The male contraceptive pill is likely to work by blocking sperm production, using a combination of the sex hormones progestogen and testosterone. It is likely to become available as either a single pill or a longer-acting implant. 
The major challenge for the male pill compared to the female one is that it has to inhibit millions of sperm cells instead of only one ovum. It's thus very difficult to have a pill that is 100% effective in every man, all of the time. 
On an other, more moral side, we also could ask ourselves if it would work for men, simply because :
*Some men think it has always been the women who took the pill and could ask them selves why now they should take it themselves
*Men are not as involved as women in pregnancy, as it's not them who will have to cary the baby. Even if they care about what will happen for the woman (some don't!), they're still not 100% concerned.
*It is also a question of trust. If the woman took the pill before the sexual act, she knows that she is safe. While if the man tells her he's taken it, he could always be lying, and escape the problems later on.
*And men, as it's not as problematic for them if the woman gets pregnant, could easily forget to take the pill everyday. They would really need a good reason to take it everyday, to have this endurance and strength of mind.

So in conclusion, we could say that first it has to be proved that this new pill works a 100%. Then it should be tested on a large number of men during a long period of time to see if it really works. This pill is more based on the question "would men WANT to take the pill" ?
--[[Utilisateur:AnneVR|AnneVR]] 31 janvier 2009 à 14:05 (MET)

==The non-hormonal pill==
This new pill contains chemicals that prevent ejaculation and could be in tablet-form. Men could take one daily, just like the female pill, or have one a few hours before sex as a one-off contraceptive. The tablet would prevent a man from being able to impregnate a woman. Sexual satisfaction is not affected and the absence of hormones means that a man's fertility should return to normal within hours of stopping the treatment.

Doctors' quotes:

"The non-hormonal male pill could be taken when and as needed."

"If the man was taking the pill over a period of several months and decided to come off it, we would expect his fertility to return just as quickly as if he had taken it on a one-off basis."
{{co|references???}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 4 février 2009 à 22:53 (MET)

However, side-effects including dizziness and drowsiness mean these medicines could not be marketed as contraceptives.
London researchers tried creating tablets that do the same thing but without the side-effects.
Already tested in the lab, we hope that it will shortly be on the market within the next five years.
Its strength lays in its ability to prevent pregnancy without using hormones which could cause side-effects such as hot flushes and moodiness.

===Why people aren't excited by the male pill?===
Ethical considerations in the development of a male birth control pill:
First of all, it is new and unknown, people has to get used to it before it gets usual.
The common perception is that few women would actually believe a man who said he was on the Pill. 
How could we make it more common:
"If you give the consumer the peace of mind that their fertility will be restored and that their hormones are not going to be affected, they may feel that it is safer to use this contraceptive,"

But actually, for the male partner, the consideration of the risks and benefits of the contraceptive will be very different from a woman's, by the simple fact that men don't get pregnant. All potential harm that come from a male contraceptive would count against the ethical use of it, since there is no impact on a man's health (physiological perspective) for impregnating someone. This is part of the reason why it is possible for men to be fathers without knowing or accepting that they are fathers and even choose to take care of the mother and the child. The analogous situation wouldn't happen with a mother.
The mother could have to bear heavy consequences if the man does not regularly take the pill, or lies about taking it, and then after making the mistake she will have to accept the situation alone if the partner chooses not to be present as a father
It is also more likely not to be trusted by women as they are not relying on their man having to remember to take his pill every day for it to work.

A men is also scared of having a child but only psychologically, not in the same way as a women.
men are not as implicated in pregnancy as women, because it's not them who are going to get pregnant. They can care or not, it's their choice.
so why would they use it if they are not even sure that it won't affect their sexual life?

The answer is simple, they will hesitate a lot, and most of them will never accept to take the pill
maybe with the years things will change but it will surely take time. --[[Utilisateur:LovisaS|LovisaS]] 31 janvier 2009 à 14:42 (MET)

==The spermicide==

Even if the spermicide is put into the vagina we consider this way of contraception as a male one, because it kills the male gametes.

The spermicide alone : A foam, cream, jelly, film, or suppository, or tablet containing nonoxynol-9. It is actually killing or slow the spermatozoa down making them not able to move well. Depending on product, it is inserted between five and 90 minutes before intercourse. It is usually left in place at least six to eight hours after.

Spermicide is inserted vaginally. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be used alone. However, the pregnancy rate experienced by couples using only spermicide is higher than that of couples using other methods. Usually, spermicides are combined with contraceptive barrier methods such as diaphragms, condoms, cervical caps, and sponges.

Spermicides are unscented, clear, unflavored, non-staining, and lubricative.

Spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 are available in many forms, such as jelly (gel), films, and foams. Contraceptive Technology states that spermicides have a failure rate of 18% per year when used correctly and consistently, and 29% under typical use.

Nonoxynol-9 has a number of possible side effects. These include irritation, itching, or burning of the sex organs (either partner), and in women, urinary tract infections, yeast infection, and bacterial vaginosis. These side effects are uncommon; one study found that only 3-5% of women who try spermicides discontinue use due to side effects.

=What is the most efficient?=

There is no doubt, the condom is really the most efficient male contraceptive. Indeed, comparing it to the male pill we can see that the pill doesn't protect for STD's and the pill also causes a lot of ethical problems. The spermicide isn't better. Indeed, it doesn't protect from STD's either and have much more failures than a condom. So the condom is the best male contraceptive.
{{co|maybe you could have a longer conclusion...}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 4 février 2009 à 22:54 (MET)

=References=

*http://www.malecontraceptives.org/
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom
*http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-418791/UK-scientists-invent-male-pill-taken-hours-sex.html
*http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/837.aspx?CategoryID=61&SubCategoryID=61
*http://www.epigee.org/guide/spermicides.html
*http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_RHT_FPP_98.15_factsheets.pdf
----
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]] 
back to [[Accueil]]

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:35:19Z

ThomasT : /* References */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:34:24Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:31:39Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:25:56Z

ThomasT : /* The non-hormonal pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:25:02Z

ThomasT : /* Disadvantages */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:20:24Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:19:56Z

ThomasT : /* Advantages and disadvantages */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T15:04:24Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T14:39:35Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T14:33:28Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T14:33:14Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T14:33:03Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-27T14:32:30Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:37:52Z

ThomasT : /* References */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:36:01Z

ThomasT : /* The instant pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:35:38Z

ThomasT :

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:34:45Z

ThomasT : /* The instant pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:24:40Z

ThomasT : /* References */

--[[Utilisateur:AnneVR|AnneVR]] 8 janvier 2009 à 11:18 (MET)
--[[Utilisateur:MelodyF|MelodyF]] 13 janvier 2009 à 15:21 (MET)
--[[Utilisateur:ThomasT|ThomasT]] 20 janvier 2009 à 15:49 (MET)

=Introduction : What is contraception?=

Contraception or birth control is the term used for the prevention of pregnancy.

There are many kinds of contraceptives,the male and female ones. They are both very efficient but work in different ways.
We're going to explain the male ones.

Contraception (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization,
and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.

=What are the different contraceptives for men and how do they work?=

There are many contraceptives for men but the most used are the following ones. We didn't consider sterilization (vasectomy) in it, because it's an [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Sterilization_08 entire subject.]

==The condom==

A condom is a device most commonly used during sexual intercourse. It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner. Condoms are used to prevent pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs—such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV).

In the modern age, condoms are most often made from latex, but some are made from other materials such as polyurethane, or lamb intestine. As a method of contraception, male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, having few side-effects, and of offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

Condoms have been used for at least 400 years. Since the nineteenth century, they have been one of the most popular methods of contraception in the world. While widely accepted in modern times, condoms have generated some controversy.

Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases ([http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/STDs_08 STDs]). They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in both men and women. While not perfect, the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of HIV, genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other diseases.

===Causes of failure===

Condoms may slip off the penis after ejaculation, break due to improper application or physical damage (such as tears caused when opening the package), or break or slip due to latex degradation (typically from usage past the expiration date, improper storage, or exposure to oils). The rate of breakage is between 0.4% and 2.3%, while the rate of slippage is between 0.6% and 1.3%. Even if no breakage or slippage is observed, 1–2% of women will test positive for semen residue after intercourse with a condom. "Double bagging," using two condoms at once, also increases the risk of condom failure.

Different modes of condom failure result in different levels of semen exposure. If a failure occurs during application, the damaged condom may be disposed of and a new condom applied before intercourse begins - such failures generally pose no risk to the user. One study found that semen exposure from a broken condom was about half that of unprotected intercourse; semen exposure from a slipped condom was about one-fifth that of unprotected intercourse.

==The male pill==

Scientists are currently working to develop a male contraceptive pill that will allow men to control their fertility, in much the same way that the female contraceptive pill allows women to.

*How will it work?
The male contraceptive pill is likely to work by blocking sperm production, using a combination of the sex hormones progestogen and testosterone. It is likely to become available as either a single pill or a longer-acting implant.

The major challenge for the male pill compared to the female one is that it has to inhibit millions of sperm cells instead of only one ovum. It's thus very difficult to have a pill that is 100% effective in every man, all of the time.

===Why people aren't excited by the male pill?===

==The instant pill==

British scientists have developed a revolutionary pill that men could take as a one-off contraceptive just before a date.
The tablet would prevent a man from being able to impregnate a woman, but within a few hours his fertility would return to normal.

This would make it much more acceptable to men than other 'male pills' under development, which alter hormone levels and have to be taken over the long term.
It is also more likely to be trusted by women as they are not relying on their man having to remember to take his pill every day for it to work.
The hormone-free 'male pill' was inspired by two medicines already in use and so the scientists hope it could be on the market within as little as five years.
Experts believe it could transform family planning by allowing couples to share the responsibility for contraception - a role that traditionally falls to women.
The new contraceptive is likely to appeal to women who are uneasy about the female Pill's ability to raise the risk of strokes, heart attacks and potentially-fatal blood clots.
Critics argue, that men lack women's motivation to prevent pregnancy, making it hard for women to trust them to take a contraceptive pill.
Other male pills are under development but many of them are based on hormones that trick the brain into switching off sperm production.
These are typically being developed as injections, implants and patches.
However the new pill being researched by scientists at King's College London, contains chemicals that prevent ejaculation and could be in tablet-form.
Men could take one daily, just like the female pill, or have one a few hours before sex as a one-off contraceptive.
Sexual satisfaction is not affected and the absence of hormones means that a man's fertility should return to normal within hours of stopping the treatment.
Researcher Dr Nnaemeka Amobi said: "The non-hormonal male pill could be taken when and as needed."
Fellow researcher Dr Christopher Smith said: "If the man was taking the pill over a period of several months and decided to come off it, we would expect his fertility to return just as quickly as if he had taken it on a one-off basis."
The contraceptive was inspired by the observation that some drugs used to treat schizophrenia and high blood pressure also prevent ejaculation.
However, side-effects including dizziness and drowsiness mean these medicines could not be marketed as contraceptives.
After pinning down how the drugs stop ejaculation, the London researchers set about creating tablets that do the same thing but without the side-effects.
Already tested in the lab, it is hoped human trials will start shortly and the pill on the market within the next five years.
Currently, men who want to take responsibility for contraception have limited choice, with their options extending to condoms, a vasectomy, or simple abstinence.
Professor John Guillebaud, one of Britain's leading experts on contraception, described the pill as "a brilliant discovery".
He said its strength lay in its ability to prevent pregnancy without using hormones which could cause side-effects such as hot flushes and moodiness.
If the male pill is successful it could bring in huge amounts of money to King?s College, which owns the rights to the discovery.
Annual world-wide sales of the female Pill are worth £21billion a year.
Rebecca Findlay, of the Family Planning Association, said: "It gets really tiring for women to always be the one in charge of fertility.
"For women, it would be another form of liberation. It's great."

==The spermicide==

*The spermicide alone : A foam, cream, jelly, film, or suppository, or tablet containing nonoxynol-9. Depending on product, it is inserted between five and 90 minutes before intercourse. It is usually left in place at least six to eight hours after.

=What is the most efficient?=

=References=

*http://www.malecontraceptives.org/
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom
*http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-418791/UK-scientists-invent-male-pill-taken-hours-sex.html
*http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/837.aspx?CategoryID=61&SubCategoryID=61
*
----
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]] 
back to [[Accueil]]

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:23:16Z

ThomasT : /* The instant pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:21:57Z

ThomasT :

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:14:07Z

ThomasT : /* The male pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:09:00Z

ThomasT : /* The male pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:06:57Z

ThomasT :

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:06:20Z

ThomasT : /* What is the most efficient? */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:06:04Z

ThomasT : /* The spermicide */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:05:50Z

ThomasT : /* The male pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:05:17Z

ThomasT : /* The condom */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:04:04Z

ThomasT : /* Introduction : What is contraception? */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:02:41Z

ThomasT : /* What are the different contraceptives for men and how do they work? */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T15:01:30Z

ThomasT : /* The male pill */

Male Contraceptives 08

2009-01-20T14:49:05Z

ThomasT :

Consignes

2009-01-13T14:15:35Z

ThomasT : /* 3BIbDF02 BRAWAND */

== Rédaction d'une page Wiki ==

Le but principal est de rédiger une page sous la forme de questions-réponses.

*Chaque question se traduira sous la forme d'un titre: il faut donc veiller à utiliser des titres explicites
*Plus la question sera précise et plus la réponse sera courte et facile à donner. Il faut donc définir les bonnes questions!
*Hiérarchiser les titres: posez-vous d'abord telle question, puis telle autre, etc.
*La réponse à une question va souvent vous servir de base pour une nouvelle question... et le cycle continue!
*Indiquez systématiquement la source de vos informations: URL, source bibliographique, etc.
*Variez vos sources en puisant dans les différents supports à disposition: livres, revues, articles, internet, etc.
*Tenez compte de ce qui a déjà été écrit sur le Wiki: ce n'est pas la peine de répéter inutilement des informations: une lecture préalable de la page s'imposera donc pour savoir où vous en êtes!
*Attention à l'orthographe et la syntaxe... ce que vous écrivez doit être lisible par tous!
*Datez et signez vos contributions à l'aide de: <nowiki>~~~~ (4 tildes)</nowiki>= [[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 27 août 2006 à 21:29 (MEST)

== Correction des pages Wiki ==
Vos pages seront corrigées régulièrement de la manière suivante! La ''couleur verte italique '' indiquera une correction de vos '''enseignants exclusivement'''.

Exemple:
 
L'Homme descend du Singe et le Singe descend de l'arbre...
 

{{co|Tout porte à croire que l'Homme descende du Singe et que donc, tous deux, aient un ancêtre commun relativement proche...}}

A vous de tenir compte des corrections en reformulant vos propos afin d'améliorer votre document!

Veuillez dans ce cas enlever le code de formatage de {{co|couleur verte italique}} utilisé par vos enseignants.

== Statut du document ==
*Le document lui-même n'est pas important, c'est ce qui a pu être construit à l'intérieur des élèves par toutes les étapes de l'activité qui est important. (F. Lombard)

*En d'autres termes... c'est le travail que vous produirez ensemble dans la mise sur pied du document qui vous sera utile à la compréhension du sujet.
*Ne perdez donc pas de temps à "formater" vos pages inutilement...

==Traitement des images==

Pour des raisons évidentes et légales, il n'est pas possible de charger nos pages Wiki avec des images.
Pourtant celles-ci sont particulièrement utiles à la bonne compréhension de certains mécanismes biologiques complexes...

Vous pouvez sans problème contourner ce problème de la manière suivante:

*dans la page Wiki, indiquez le lien de l'image si celle-ci a été prise sur Internet: ce lien permettra d'accéder à l'image "en ligne".
*copiez l'image sur le dossier Doc_annexes.doc qui se trouve sur le serveur Mimosa et renommer le fichier en indiquant le numéro de cours suivi du numéro de l'annexe:
::Exemple: '''4BIOS01_Annexe3.doc'''
*Complétez sur le document les points suivants:
:*le numéro de l'annexe
:*le titre de l'image
:*votre prénom
:*la source
:*un commentaire (légende explicative, etc.)
*Ce fichier word, sera ensuite imprimé et rajouter sous forme d'annexe au futur polycopié.
[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 25 septembre 2006 à 23:06 (MEST)

== Présentations orales ==
*Répartissez-vous le temps de parole entre les différents membres du groupe
*Partagez-vous les différentes parties de la présentation
*Indiquez le titre de votre présentation et son contexte (quel chapitre, ou quelle partie de chapitre, etc.)
*Exposez au préalable le plan de votre présentation: qui va parler de quoi et pourquoi!
*Description des résultats: projetez tout d'abord la page Wiki puis peut-être illustrez vos propos à l'aide d'une figure (en indiquant les sources)
*Exposez l'état de vos recherches: à l'heure actuelle de nos recherches, nous en sommes là... mais la semaine prochaine nous en serons peut-être là... Surtout, ne pas fermer les portes... il est normal que vous ne maitrisiez pas tout le sujet dès le début.
*Pour les présentations finales (qui seront généralement évaluées), prévoyez un support multimédia de type présentation Power Point avec au maximum 10 diapos. Prévoyez une diapositive d'introduction ainsi qu'une pour la conclusion.
*Faites des liens si possible avec les présentations des autres groupes
*Conclusions: la partie la plus intéressante! Elle doit permettre de soulever des questions chez vos auditeurs!
*Réponses aux questions: écoutez bien les questions... et réfléchissez quelques secondes avant de répondre. Soyez le plus clair possible dans votre réponse. Au besoin, répétez vos propos.

== Evaluation ==

L'évaluation portera sur différents aspects:

*Participation à la création des pages
*Connaissances acquises = tests de connaissances
*Aptitudes à transposer vos connaissances dans un situation particulière = tests d'aptitudes

*Présentations orales en classe:
**Plan de la présentation
**Clarté, concision, précision
**Vulgarisation
**Résultats
**Questions soulevées (débat)

==Rapports de laboratoire==

Quelques conseils pour l'écriture de vos rapports de biologie...
Suivez le plan suivant en indiquant les différentes rubriques

*'''Titre:'''
**Donner un titre général au laboratoire

*'''Introduction:'''
**Décrire le but de l'expérience ou de l'observation.
::*expérimentation: décrire le problème posé et résumer les travaux ou les connaissances précédents.
::*observations: décrire l'objet qui va être observé et ajouter quelques notes (provenance, mode de vie, etc…)

*'''Matériel et Méthodes:'''
**Technique utilisée
**Matériel nécessaire ou à disposition: liste précise des équipements, origine, lieu d'observation, date, météo, etc…
**Dessins et plans si nécessaire.

*'''Résultats:'''
**Penser à introduire vos résultats et à les exposer.
**Sous forme de tableaux, graphiques, dessins, avec légende ou texte explicatif.
**Vos résultats doivent être statistiquement valables… donc comparez-les à ceux de vos camarades de classe ou répéter l'expérience suffisamment de fois!
**Ne rien discuter ni commenter dans cette rubrique. Il s'agit ici uniquement de présenter les résultats.

*'''Discussion:'''
**Relier les résultats obtenus au but initial de l'expérience ou de l'observation.
**Interpréter les résultats en les reliant aux connaissances actuelles.
**Définir et proposer un éventuel modèle qui pourrait expliquer les résultats obtenus.

*'''Conclusion:'''
**Proposer d'autres expériences à faire afin de poursuivre l'étude de manière plus complète.
**Placer le travail dans un contexte plus large, discuter des conséquences, des implications, etc…
**La Conclusion peut être liée directement avec la partie Discussion sous forme de Discussion/Conclusion.

*'''Remarques:'''
**rendre un rapport propre, clair
**soigner la présentation: rapport dactylographié, entête comprenant: nom prénom, groupe, date
**résultats explicitement présentés
**textes des légendes écrits droits et reliés au dessin par un trait tiré à la règle
**dessins clairs et précis, suffisamment grands, en utilisant un bon crayon

 [[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 19 septembre 2008 à 21:59 (MEST)

== Signatures ==
*Datez et signez vos contributions à l'aide de: <nowiki>~~~~ (4 tildes)</nowiki> que vous placerez après "lu et approuvé:"
*Ecrivez <nowiki> </nowiki> en fin de ligne pour faire un saut de ligne simple

====4BIOS02 BRAWAND====
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:AlexandraM|AlexandraM]] 19 septembre 2008 à 22:27 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ZelalAS|ZelalAS]] 20 septembre 2008 à 10:12 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MenushaR|MenushaR]] 20 septembre 2008 à 12:01 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SimonS|SimonS]] 20 septembre 2008 à 17:59 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MathiasF|MathiasF]] 21 septembre 2008 à 13:37 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MelanieN|MelanieN]] 21 septembre 2008 à 18:52 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:KevinB|KevinB]] 22 septembre 2008 à 17:21 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ThierryF|ThierryF]] 22 septembre 2008 à 22:06 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:FahimaM|FahimaM]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:06 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:AnisMS|AnisMS]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:08 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MagaliS|MagaliS]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:10 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:LorenzoC|LorenzoC]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:15 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:CindyB|CindyB]] 25 septembre 2008 à 18:08 (MEST)
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====4BIOS03 ZIMMERLI====
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====3BIOS02 BRAWAND====
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ChristelleB|ChristelleB]] 21 septembre 2008 à 21:20 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:IsabelleS|IsabelleS]] 21 septembre 2008 à 21:53 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ChloeB|ChloeB]] 23 septembre 2008 à 19:53 (MEST) ChloéB 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MariaS|MariaS]] 21 septembre 2008 à 23:03 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:LéoK|LéoK]] 22 septembre 2008 à 08:07 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:JacquesD|JacquesD]] 22 septembre 2008 à 22:19 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:RaniaER|RaniaER]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:49 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:FabrizioP|FabrizioP]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:50 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:KaltrinaI|KaltrinaI]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:51 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:WanziB|WanziB]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:52 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:GiacomoH|GiacomoH]] 23 septembre 2008 à 12:05 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:CedricP|CedricP]] 23 septembre 2008 à 12:06 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:CédricC|CédricC]] 24 septembre 2008 à 20:33 (MEST) 

====3BIbDF02 BRAWAND====
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 6 janvier 2009 à 16:42 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:CelineK|CelineK]] 6 janvier 2009 à 17:42 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:AurelieS|AurelieS]] 6 janvier 2009 à 17:51 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:XiaoranY|XiaoranY]] 6 janvier 2009 à 20:16 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:EstherO|EstherO]] 7 janvier 2009 à 13:32 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:DeboraA|DeboraA]] 12 janvier 2009 à 19:11 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:PaulineL|PaulineL]] 12 janvier 2009 à 19:13 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:AdeleS|AdeleS]] 13 janvier 2009 à 15:15 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:ThomasT|ThomasT]] 13 janvier 2009 à 15:15 (MET) 
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====3BIbDF03 BRAWAND====
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:MatiasC|MatiasC]] 11 décembre 2008 à 22:18 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:SubhanA|SubhanA]] 12 décembre 2008 à 17:53 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:CarolineP|CarolineP]] 13 décembre 2008 à 19:36 (MET) 
lu et approuvé:[[Utilisateur:NabilaN|NabilaN]] 17 décembre 2008 à 13:08 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:BernardoM|BernardoM]] 17 décembre 2008 à 15:27 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:MathildeM|MathildeM]] 8 janvier 2009 à 10:20 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:LaylaG|LaylaG]] 8 janvier 2009 à 10:21 (MET) 
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====3BIbDF04 BRAWAND====
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:DaraA|DaraA]] 11 décembre 2008 à 22:15 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:NorinaP|NorinaP]] 11 décembre 2008 à 22:25 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:MagaliN|MagaliN]] 11 décembre 2008 à 23:00 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:MargotM|MargotM]] 13 décembre 2008 à 14:37 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:MarjorieH|MarjorieH]] 16 décembre 2008 à 22:23 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:QuentinR|QuentinR]] 17 décembre 2008 à 14:03 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:MorganeD|MorganeD]] 17 décembre 2008 à 14:07 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:NourS|NourS]] 20 décembre 2008 à 12:09 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:ClementineR|ClementineR]] 7 janvier 2009 à 15:25 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:EstherU|EstherU]] 8 janvier 2009 à 08:33 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:SandyR|SandyR]] 8 janvier 2009 à 08:35 (MET) 
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:StephanieB|StephanieB]] 8 janvier 2009 à 08:37 (MET) 
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====2BIOS01 BRAWAND====
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:NathanF|NathanF]] 7 octobre 2008 à 18:46 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SophieM|SophieM]] 7 octobre 2008 à 19:09 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:BarbaraM|BarbaraM]] 7 octobre 2008 à 22:26 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:KevinS|KevinS]] 8 octobre 2008 à 13:50 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ChristopheS|ChristopheS]] 8 octobre 2008 à 14:38 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SophieLCDP|SophieLCDP]] 8 octobre 2008 à 17:56 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:EstelleP|EstelleP]] 8 octobre 2008 à 20:14 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:FenoAT|FenoAT]] 8 octobre 2008 à 20:16 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:DavidD|DavidD]] 8 octobre 2008 à 20:59 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SelimS|SelimS]] 8 octobre 2008 à 22:42 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:OmarN|OmarN]] 8 octobre 2008 à 22:50 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:NatasaM|NatasaM]] 9 octobre 2008 à 07:29 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:EvelineL|EvelineL]] 9 octobre 2008 à 18:53 (MEST) 
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SamyS|SamyS]] 12 octobre 2008 à 15:45 (MEST) 
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