https://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=NorinaPbiorousso - Contributions [fr]2026-05-25T22:56:44ZContributionsMediaWiki 1.43.3https://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=30822Contraception Ethics 082009-02-21T11:57:19Z<p>NorinaP : /* Legislative Point of view of Contraception */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human being or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginning of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues.<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human being twelve weeks after fertilization. For Islamic Countries a baby is already a human beeing six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
<br />
These two methods (pill and vasectomy) raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, some people consider it to be the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas about Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions including Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, except abstinence because in that case no living body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from their point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex and the gift of God is refused- it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated. <br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=30821Contraception Ethics 082009-02-21T11:56:49Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human being or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginning of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues.<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. For Islamic Countries a baby is already a human beeing six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
<br />
These two methods (pill and vasectomy) raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, some people consider it to be the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas about Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions including Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, except abstinence because in that case no living body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from their point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex and the gift of God is refused- it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated. <br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=30820Contraception Ethics 082009-02-21T11:54:22Z<p>NorinaP : /* Definition of contraception */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. For Islamic Countries a baby is already a human beeing six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
<br />
These two methods (pill and vasectomy) raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, some people consider it to be the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas about Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions including Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, except abstinence because in that case no living body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from their point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex and the gift of God is refused- it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated. <br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=30353Contraception Ethics 082009-02-18T14:06:14Z<p>NorinaP : /* Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception. */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. For Islamic Countries a baby is already a human beeing six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
<br />
These two methods (pill and vasectomy) raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, some people consider it to be the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas about Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions including Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, except abstinence because in that case no living body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from their point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex and the gift of God is refused- it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated. <br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29912Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T20:28:55Z<p>NorinaP : /* Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. For Islamic Countries a baby is already a human beeing six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, some people consider it to be the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas about Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions including Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, except abstinence because in that case no living body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from their point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex and the gift of God is refused- it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated. <br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29911Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T20:19:44Z<p>NorinaP : /* Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception. */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. For Islamic Countries a baby is already a human beeing six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, some people consider it to be the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29910Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T20:14:01Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
* For Magali: In your question, when you say that by using the pill we kill a fertilized egg, are you talking about the emergency pill or the "normal" pill. I thought that the pill inhibits ovulation, so it wouldn't affect a fertilzed egg??? Or am I wrong? - Nowina<br />
<br />
* I decided to erase the question because in fact we treat it when we speak about the scientific pov. But if you want to add sth just do it! <br />
<br />
* Ok guys, great work! I can write sth concerning the question "what leads us to contraception?". If you don't like it, and you don't wanna write anything alse just erase the whole question. It's better than having an unanswered question ^^ --Nowina<br />
<br />
* (thanks for the links) For Norina: I didn't really use them but kept them in annexe (if needed later on). I almost finished my part (maybe we'll have to make some changes), but I need the image in a separate file.. Besides, it could be good if somebody worked on the "what lead us to use contraception?" part. I can do it if you want? Just tell me. Well done for all your work guys! - Mag<br />
<br />
* For Magali: I kept some points we wrote for the image on "HOw does Life begin". If you want to use them. I don't need them in this question ,but I kept them because I don't know if you need them... - NOrina<br />
<br />
*What is the difference between point 3 and 7??? Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title or add the stuff you wrote in the first... Norina<br />
<br />
*Are we alowed to put pics on this website???? I thought we have to put it on a seperate file..... Norina<br />
* -->Lol definitely not, you were right. I thought we were only allowed to use the pics already uploaded on the wiki's server, not the external ones. All right. Matias</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29909Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T20:08:18Z<p>NorinaP : /* Legislative Point of view of Contraception */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. For Islamic Countries a baby is already a human beeing six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, we consider the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29908Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:59:08Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at birthday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, we consider the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29907Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:55:42Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientifically every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, we consider the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29906Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:55:00Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. Nowadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of different possibilities and there isn't one precise answer. As scientificly every cell lives, we switch from the question "When does Life begin?" to "When can it be considered as a human- being?". Knowing that human-beings can only produce human-beings, we come to a point where we realize that the question is in fact about the value of (human-)Life. Yet, this question can only be seen on a moral and ethical level. Has a fertilized egg the same value as an embryo or a baby? - This question might never be answered as everybody has its own point of view. Everyone should use the method of contraception for which he has the least (or no) moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, we consider the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29905Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:26:33Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).The EEG mesures the electrical activity in the brain.<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. NOwadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of answers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, we consider the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29904Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:24:18Z<p>NorinaP : /* What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the choice not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he even has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. NOwadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of answers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, we consider the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29903Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:15:31Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
* I decided to erase the question because in fact we treat it when we speak about the scientific pov. But if you want to add sth just do it! <br />
<br />
* Ok guys, great work! I can write sth concerning the question "what leads us to contraception?". If you don't like it, and you don't wanna write anything alse just erase the whole question. It's better than having an unanswered question ^^ --Nowina<br />
<br />
* (thanks for the links) For Norina: I didn't really use them but kept them in annexe (if needed later on). I almost finished my part (maybe we'll have to make some changes), but I need the image in a separate file.. Besides, it could be good if somebody worked on the "what lead us to use contraception?" part. I can do it if you want? Just tell me. Well done for all your work guys! - Mag<br />
<br />
* For Magali: I kept some points we wrote for the image on "HOw does Life begin". If you want to use them. I don't need them in this question ,but I kept them because I don't know if you need them... - NOrina<br />
<br />
*What is the difference between point 3 and 7??? Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title or add the stuff you wrote in the first... Norina<br />
<br />
*Are we alowed to put pics on this website???? I thought we have to put it on a seperate file..... Norina<br />
* -->Lol definitely not, you were right. I thought we were only allowed to use the pics already uploaded on the wiki's server, not the external ones. All right. Matias</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29902Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:14:35Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
* I decided to erase the question because in fact we treat it when we speak about <br />
<br />
* Ok guys, great work! I can write sth concerning the question "what leads us to contraception?". If you don't like it, and you don't wanna write anything alse just erase the whole question. It's better than having an unanswered question ^^ --Nowina<br />
<br />
* (thanks for the links) For Norina: I didn't really use them but kept them in annexe (if needed later on). I almost finished my part (maybe we'll have to make some changes), but I need the image in a separate file.. Besides, it could be good if somebody worked on the "what lead us to use contraception?" part. I can do it if you want? Just tell me. Well done for all your work guys! - Mag<br />
<br />
* For Magali: I kept some points we wrote for the image on "HOw does Life begin". If you want to use them. I don't need them in this question ,but I kept them because I don't know if you need them... - NOrina<br />
<br />
*What is the difference between point 3 and 7??? Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title or add the stuff you wrote in the first... Norina<br />
<br />
*Are we alowed to put pics on this website???? I thought we have to put it on a seperate file..... Norina<br />
* -->Lol definitely not, you were right. I thought we were only allowed to use the pics already uploaded on the wiki's server, not the external ones. All right. Matias</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29901Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T19:12:53Z<p>NorinaP : /* What leads us to use contraception? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. NOwadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of answers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family ( one child policy) because the state can't assure a good condition of life (hygiene, school etc) if they are too numerous.<br />
<br />
In africa, some politics are thinking also about this one child policy to prevent difficulties which are important in africa ( lack of food, lack of medication and hygiene).<br />
<br />
=Ethical issues concerning each method of contraception.=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
There are several methods of contraception interfering with the fertilization cycle at very different steps. Obviously, these steps are linked with the problematic of the contraception in an ethical point of view. Each method can be in contradiction with one way of thinking and throws into question the real beginning of Life. <br />
<br />
When we talk about a contraceptive method such as the combination pill for women, we're dealing with inhibiting life at it's primary origin by acting on the sperm cell. The pill stops the ovulation and prevent the ova to be released, thus fertilization does not occur. The failure rate is usually less than 1 percent, however, in certain cases the ova can be still released and killed by the amount of hormones contained in the pill. (more informations about the pill : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Pill_08]) <br />
<br />
Using the pill could thereby be seen as a murder; we kill a fertilized egg that is considered to be the beginning of Life for many people and we stop the normal cycle of life by preventing the ovulation. <br />
The IUD, or intra uterine device, has almost the same effects. It is placed in the uterus and weakened the sperm and affect its movement, change the ligning of the fallopian tube and prevent implantation.(informations: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/IUD_08]).<br />
<br />
Working on the same step but with male sperm cells, vasectomy is one of the most efficient contraceptive method. It consist in blocking the production of viable sperm cells by tubal ligation. It is a complete sterilization but does not avoid the production of sperm cells. <br />
These two methods raise another question : can we consider a sperm cell (or an ova) by itself as alive ? It can be the case on a metabolic point of view and on a religious one (even if they are still contentious). <br />
<br />
Another method is the abstinence, although not seen as the religious concept. This method is called “the natural method” and consist of not having sexual intercourse during a chosen period of time, which takes place few day before and after the ovulation. <br />
Whereas others methods like the pill, it is 100% natural and is the more ethical method, according to all the different points of view, even though it is not very efficient (10% to 20% of failure rate). <br />
<br />
Working on the same biological step as the abstinence, we find the use of the condom. The condom keep the semen out of the woman's body (if it is a male condom, the contrary also exists with the female one, for more precise information : [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Male_Contraceptives_08]) and does not allow the ova to be fertilized. Again, this method is going against the religious beliefs and the idea that the sexual cells are living cells. <br />
<br />
Finally, the last method is the emergency contraception as the “morning-after-pill”. It is the most discussed contraceptive method, especially if it is taken as a regular contraceptive. The “morning-after-pill” can act on the fertilized cell, when the nucleus from both ova and sperm cell have fused, by preventing the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium, but it can also avoid fertilization by preventing the sperm to reach the ova (more informations on emergency contraception: [http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/biorousso/Emergency_contraception_08]). <br />
<br />
Since we're talking about an embryo, we consider the murder of a human being. Almost all the controversy stops here: if the ova is fertilized, it is no longer a cell but a human being, having the right to live.<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally the feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential.<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "When does life begin"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception. The goal of contraception obviously is to have a sexual relationship without fearing an unwanted pregnancy. This is much blamed by Christianism (for example) as from that point of view, the natural role of procreation is replaced by the pleasure of sex - it is for that reason that only "abstinence" as contraceptive method would be tolerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
Interestingly, since nothing in the Bible explicitely defines at what point a child should be considered alive in its early development (from conception to birth), the opinions about it (and thus, about the morale of contraception too) come from philosophical interpretations of the biblical texts and vary a lot. While most believe that Life occurs at the moment of conception, and then reject contraception, some think that it occurs when blood is first developped (about 20 days after conception) and some others at childbirth. In these last two cases, contraception would be mostly accepted.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on stem cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29900Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-07T18:16:52Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
* Ok guys, great work! I can write sth concerning the question "what leads us to contraception?". If you don't like it, and you don't wanna write anything alse just erase the whole question. It's better than having an unanswered question ^^ --Nowina<br />
<br />
* (thanks for the links) For Norina: I didn't really use them but kept them in annexe (if needed later on). I almost finished my part (maybe we'll have to make some changes), but I need the image in a separate file.. Besides, it could be good if somebody worked on the "what lead us to use contraception?" part. I can do it if you want? Just tell me. Well done for all your work guys! - Mag<br />
<br />
* For Magali: I kept some points we wrote for the image on "HOw does Life begin". If you want to use them. I don't need them in this question ,but I kept them because I don't know if you need them... - NOrina<br />
<br />
*What is the difference between point 3 and 7??? Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title or add the stuff you wrote in the first... Norina<br />
<br />
*Are we alowed to put pics on this website???? I thought we have to put it on a seperate file..... Norina<br />
* -->Lol definitely not, you were right. I thought we were only allowed to use the pics already uploaded on the wiki's server, not the external ones. All right. Matias</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29797Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-05T19:28:46Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
* For Magali: I kept some points we wrote for the image on "HOw does Life begin". If you want to use them. I don't need them in this question ,but I kept them because I don't know if you need them... - NOrina<br />
<br />
*What is the difference between point 3 and 7??? Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title or add the stuff you wrote in the first... Norina<br />
<br />
*Are we alowed to put pics on this website???? I thought we have to put it on a seperate file..... Norina<br />
* -->Lol definitely not, you were right. I thought we were only allowed to use the pics already uploaded on the wiki's server, not the external ones. All right. Matias</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29684Contraception Ethics 082009-02-04T20:49:20Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. NOwadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
This tough question induces a wide field of answers.<br />
<br />
But now, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Image Analysis=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "Definition of contraception"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29682Contraception Ethics 082009-02-04T20:44:27Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
<br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. NOwadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Image Analysis=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "Definition of contraception"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29681Contraception Ethics 082009-02-04T20:43:33Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
There are many other scientific views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
For the Catholic Chuch it is a question of soul. They changed their mind many times in history. First thay said that an immediate ensoulment is impossible and fixed the animation of the male fetus at 40 and for the women's fetus at 80 days after conception. For a long time, the penalty for contraception or abortion was excomunication. NOwadeays, the Church considers the act of conception as the beginning of Life.<br />
<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Image Analysis=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "Definition of contraception"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29680Contraception Ethics 082009-02-04T20:28:52Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
*On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
*On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
*On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).<br />
*The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary system. This is when the umbilical cord is cut, so at bithday. <br />
There are many other views , but in the end we have to say that the beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only. If we consider all these different views, we might ask ourselves if the question isn't about the beginning of Life, but more about the value of human life. <br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Image Analysis=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "Definition of contraception"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29679Contraception Ethics 082009-02-04T20:21:57Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
Abortion will not be included. Please note that preventive and emergency contraception will be distinguished in some cases on this page: while preventive contraception just prevents any fertilization to happen, emergency contraception is performed by destroying a fertilized ovum (a zygote) which is believed to contain life by some people.<br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
{{co|you are not allowed to insert any picture in the wiki page for copyrights reasons... please, insert the picture in an Annex document you will generate... Okay?}}--[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 2 février 2009 à 20:50 (MET)<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
Scientists realized that there are many different point of views. Here are ar few:<br />
On the metabolic view, there is no real beginnig because the sperm cell and the egg are already alive. They are units of Life.<br />
On genetic view, Life begins at fertilization. At this moment a unique organism is created by the combination of the genes of the father and the mother. It has it own properties.<br />
On neurological view: In our Society, death is defined by the loss of the EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern this induces the idea that life begins at the acquisition of the EEG (around the 27th week).<br />
The physiological view sees Life beginning at the moment when the baby has become independent of its mother. It has its own respiratory, <br />
<br />
in the end we have to say that the Beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only.<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Image Analysis=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Movements : Ideas of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro - Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against - Religion==<br />
<br />
Emergency contraception induces the destruction of a zygote, an ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm cell, and it is believed that fertilization is the "instigator" of life (see "Definition of contraception"). Thus, using an emergency contraception method means that a life has been killed. Most religious groups considerate Life as a gift from God and the most precious property, and therefore strictly condemn the use of emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additionally, some other religions such as Christianism are opposed to all preventive contraception methods, excepted abstinence, although in that case no live body is destroyed, unlike emergency contraception.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage explains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history. <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29389Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T12:08:32Z<p>NorinaP : /* Bibliography */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
!!! I found a page that explains the different levels of life. I read through it and I think that in the end we have to say that the Beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only- Norina!!!!<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage exlains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
*http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_when.htm<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29388Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T12:07:10Z<p>NorinaP : /* Bibliography */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
!!! I found a page that explains the different levels of life. I read through it and I think that in the end we have to say that the Beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only- Norina!!!!<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage exlains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history <br />
*http://www.prolifephysicians.org/lifebegins.htm<br />
*http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=21&id=7<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29387Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T11:48:38Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
!!! I found a page that explains the different levels of life. I read through it and I think that in the end we have to say that the Beginnng of Life cannot be defined by science only- Norina!!!!<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage exlains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history <br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29386Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T11:41:59Z<p>NorinaP : /* Bibliography */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162 This webpage exlains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history <br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29385Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T11:41:36Z<p>NorinaP : /* Bibliography */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
*http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
*http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162<br />
This webpage exlains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history <br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29384Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T11:41:08Z<p>NorinaP : /* Bibliography */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162<br />
This webpage exlains much about the religious pov concerning sexual abuse and other povs that changed through history <br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29383Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T11:23:03Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link: day after pill) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29382Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T11:16:10Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
<br />
*What is the difference between point 3 and 7??? Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title or add the stuff you wrote in the first... Norina<br />
<br />
*Are we alowed to put pics on this website???? I thought we have to put it on a seperate file..... Norina</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29381Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T11:12:28Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
<br />
*Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title... Norina<br />
<br />
*Are we alowed to put pics on this website???? I thought we have to put it on a seperate file..... Norina</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29380Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T10:48:38Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic.<br />
<br />
Other methods (link) block the embryo so it cannot implant in the uterus. Here we are talking about removing a fertilized egg, which induces stronger moral issues. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Discussion:Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29379Discussion:Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T10:40:26Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>http://www.piluledulendemain.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/in_favour.shtml<br />
<br />
<br />
Why do we have a 2nd "Contraception on an ethical and scientific pov"? We already have it at the beginning... If you mean something different we have to change the title... Norina</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=29378Contraception Ethics 082009-02-01T10:37:29Z<p>NorinaP : /* Legislative Point of view of Contraception */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Definition of contraception=<br />
<br />
Contraception means avoiding or dicreasing the probability of pregnancy, using some medications, devices, or any other method that is temporary and/or reversible (WHO's definition). It concerns both males and females. The condom, the contraceptive diaphragm, the emergency pill and even abstinence are examples of contraceptive methods. Any form of sterilization such as castration or tubal ligation does not belong to contraceptive methods as it is permanent and irreversible.<br />
The contraception ethics is a big debate that started about 30 years ago, and has never concluded yet: still today, people discuss whether contraception is morally "good" or "bad", from various points of view. <br />
<br />
(how the hell is it possible to shrink that pic?)<br />
[[Image: Contraception_1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
<br />
=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
AThis is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
This question really begun in the 90's with the discover of the in vitro fertilization, the scientists asked themselves if the embryo was already a human beeing or not.<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception. But even in the Church Contraception is a controverse topic<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Legislative Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
In a majority of countries, like in Europe or in North America, Contraception is allowed because they consider in the law that babies become a human beeing twelve weeks after fertilization. But for Islamic Countries a baby is a human beeing only six weeks after fertilization.<br />
<br />
In the other hand, some countries like China limited at one the number of children per family because it can't assure a good condition of life if they are too numerous<br />
<br />
=Scientific point of view=<br />
<br />
In scientific middle, contraception is also a subject of problems, because physicians and other biologists do not agree about the real question of this debate which is "when does life really begin".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Philosophical-Ethical Point of view of Contraception=<br />
<br />
==Pro- Feminists==<br />
<br />
Generally feminist movement is favourable at the idea of contraception, they consider it as a choice that women have the right to have, because for them choice's liberty is essential. -talk about sexual abuse, eventual baby's problem- right to aborption ????<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Against- Religion==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=Bibliography=<br />
<br />
http://www.pagetronic.com/jeux/culture/la-chine-populaire.xhtml<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28468Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T08:37:33Z<p>NorinaP : </p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception.<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28467Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T08:36:52Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception.<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
*Movie on Stemm cell: [http://www.eurostemcell.org/films]<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28466Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T08:34:38Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does Life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) block the way for egg cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid gametes that by themselves cannot induce the life cycle, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods of contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception.<br />
<br />
{{co|mention the fact that contraception is specific for some particular cell type but it does NOT choose a particular embryo to destroy it: it is specific in a way... but not specific in the other. Some other contraceptive methods inhibit the embryo by itself. THis implicates the fact tha their action is made AFTER fertilization. For some people, Life with a big L begins AT fertilization}}<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28454Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T08:22:13Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo that allows us to call it a human being? Is it its capacity of thinking ? Or does Life begin at fertilization, the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception by itself. <br />
<br />
Using certain methods of contraception (link: condom, blabla) is the fact to block the way for cells to be fertilized. Here we are talking about haploid cells that by themselves cannot induce the cycle of Life, which begins after their fusion. <br />
But these methods contraception are a choice of cells: every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception.<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28444Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T08:15:32Z<p>NorinaP : /* What is contraception ethical, scientific pov? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception on an ethical and a scientific point of view?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a family or not.<br />
*Certains methods give the population a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
'''Ethical point of view''':<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body.<br />
*Contraception gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somebody before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does Life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo? It's capacity of thinking ? Or does a human begins as the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception itself. <br />
<br />
By using contraception, we block the way for cells to be fertilized, thus fertilization does not occur. Here we are talking about cells that by themselves do not mean anything; the cycle begins after their fusion. <br />
But the contraception is a choice of cells. Every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception.<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28430Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T07:49:23Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception ethical, scientific pov?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a familiy or not.<br />
*Certains methods have changed the face of the world by giving us a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
Ethical :<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body such that men got more responsibilities.<br />
*Gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somedoy before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo? It's capacity of thinking ? Or does a human begins as the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception itself. <br />
<br />
By using contraception, we block the way for cells to be fertilized, thus fertilization does not occur. Here we are talking about cells that by themselves do not mean anything; the cycle begins after their fusion. <br />
But the contraception is a choice of cells. Every cell that will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard/random of life. <br />
These are the Church's arguments against contraception.<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28427Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T07:43:10Z<p>NorinaP : /* When does life begin? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception ethical, scientific pov?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a familiy or not.<br />
*Certains methods have changed the face of the world by giving us a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
Ethical :<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body such that men got more responsibilities.<br />
*Gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somedoy before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo? It's capacity of thinking ? Or does a human begins as the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception itself. <br />
<br />
By using contraception, we block the way for cells to be fertilized, thus fertilization does not occur. Here we are talking about cells that by themselves do not mean anything; the cycle begins after their fusion. <br />
But the contraception is a choice of cells. Every celle thatr will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is an intervention on the hasard of life. <br />
This is the point where the Church disagrees<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28426Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T07:41:48Z<p>NorinaP : /* When can we consider a zygote as a human beeing? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception ethical, scientific pov?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a familiy or not.<br />
*Certains methods have changed the face of the world by giving us a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
Ethical :<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body such that men got more responsibilities.<br />
*Gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somedoy before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When does life begin?=<br />
<br />
This is the big question of our chapter. How to define life? How does it begin ? At which step?<br />
Is it the shape of an embryo? It's capacity of thinking ? Or does a human begins as the meeting of two living cells?<br />
<br />
First, let us focus just on contraception itself. <br />
<br />
By using contraception, we block the way for cells to be fertilized, thus fertilization does not occur. Here we are talking about cells that by themselves do not mean anything; the cycle begins after their fusion. <br />
But the contraception is a choice of cells. Every celle thatr will be blocked by contraception looses its chance to create life. It is <br />
This is the point where the Church disagrees<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Contraception_Ethics_08&diff=28416Contraception Ethics 082009-01-22T07:26:36Z<p>NorinaP : /* What is contraception ethical, scientific pov? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=What is contraception ethical, scientific pov?=<br />
<br />
'''Scientific point of view''': <br />
*It is a voluntary prevention of pregnancy that can be used by both men and women. <br />
*Through many methods, it gives us the possibility to choose between creating a familiy or not.<br />
*Certains methods have changed the face of the world by giving us a possibility to prevent ourselves from sexual diseases.<br />
*It is an easy way to control population but is against procreative liberty. (ex: China, one child policy)<br />
<br />
Ethical :<br />
*Contraception gave the women more rights over their body such that men got more responsibilities.<br />
*Gave women the power not to have an unwanted child wich is linked to the fact that women have more rights.<br />
*However, it might be considered as an inhibition of life. Do we kill somedoy before he has a chance to live? It leads us into the question of when does life begin.<br />
*It's a dilemna between reproductive rights : first for a woman to have the right to control her body and secondly the right for everyone to live (as seen in the articles of human rights).<br />
<br />
Websites : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/contraception/<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights<br />
-<br />
<br />
=When can we consider a zygote as a human beeing?=<br />
<br />
=When does Life begin?=<br />
<br />
==preventive contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
<br />
==emergency contraception==<br />
===Philosophical===<br />
===Religious===<br />
===Scientific===<br />
===Legislative===<br />
<br />
=When is it a murder ?=<br />
==Ethical== <br />
<br />
==Philosophical==<br />
<br />
==Scientific==<br />
<br />
==Religious==<br />
<br />
==Legislative==<br />
In Switzerland a woman has 12 weeks to decide if she wants to practice contraception. After that period of time she must consult a doctor who will examine her and decide if she is threatened about her pregnancy and if this the case she can<br />
<br />
=What leads us to use contraception?=<br />
<br />
=Where is contraception allowed?=<br />
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back to [[Pregnancy_and_Contraception_3BIbDF02-03-04]]<br><br />
back to [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaPhttps://edutechwiki.unige.ch/bioroussowiki/index.php?title=Consignes&diff=26131Consignes2008-12-11T21:25:02Z<p>NorinaP : /* 3BIbDF04 BRAWAND */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Rédaction d'une page Wiki ==<br />
<br />
Le but principal est de rédiger une page sous la forme de questions-réponses.<br />
<br />
*Chaque question se traduira sous la forme d'un titre: il faut donc veiller à utiliser des titres explicites <br />
*Plus la question sera précise et plus la réponse sera courte et facile à donner. Il faut donc définir les bonnes questions!<br />
*Hiérarchiser les titres: posez-vous d'abord telle question, puis telle autre, etc.<br />
*La réponse à une question va souvent vous servir de base pour une nouvelle question... et le cycle continue!<br />
*Indiquez systématiquement la source de vos informations: URL, source bibliographique, etc.<br />
*Variez vos sources en puisant dans les différents supports à disposition: livres, revues, articles, internet, etc.<br />
*Tenez compte de ce qui a déjà été écrit sur le Wiki: ce n'est pas la peine de répéter inutilement des informations: une lecture préalable de la page s'imposera donc pour savoir où vous en êtes!<br />
*Attention à l'orthographe et la syntaxe... ce que vous écrivez doit être lisible par tous!<br />
*Datez et signez vos contributions à l'aide de: <nowiki>~~~~ (4 tildes)</nowiki>= [[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 27 août 2006 à 21:29 (MEST)<br />
<br />
== Correction des pages Wiki ==<br />
Vos pages seront corrigées régulièrement de la manière suivante! La <span style="color:#00CC00;">''couleur verte italique </span>'' indiquera une correction de vos '''enseignants exclusivement'''.<br />
<br />
Exemple:<br />
<br><br />
L'Homme descend du Singe et le Singe descend de l'arbre...<br />
<br><br />
<br />
{{co|Tout porte à croire que l'Homme descende du Singe et que donc, tous deux, aient un ancêtre commun relativement proche...}}<br />
<br />
A vous de tenir compte des corrections en reformulant vos propos afin d'améliorer votre document!<br />
<br />
Veuillez dans ce cas enlever le code de formatage de {{co|couleur verte italique}} utilisé par vos enseignants.<br />
<br />
== Statut du document ==<br />
*Le document lui-même n'est pas important, c'est ce qui a pu être construit à l'intérieur des élèves par toutes les étapes de l'activité qui est important. (F. Lombard)<br />
<br />
*En d'autres termes... c'est le travail que vous produirez ensemble dans la mise sur pied du document qui vous sera utile à la compréhension du sujet.<br />
*Ne perdez donc pas de temps à "formater" vos pages inutilement...<br />
<br />
<br />
==Traitement des images==<br />
<br />
Pour des raisons évidentes et légales, il n'est pas possible de charger nos pages Wiki avec des images.<br />
Pourtant celles-ci sont particulièrement utiles à la bonne compréhension de certains mécanismes biologiques complexes...<br />
<br />
Vous pouvez sans problème contourner ce problème de la manière suivante:<br />
<br />
*dans la page Wiki, indiquez le lien de l'image si celle-ci a été prise sur Internet: ce lien permettra d'accéder à l'image "en ligne".<br />
*copiez l'image sur le dossier Doc_annexes.doc qui se trouve sur le serveur Mimosa et renommer le fichier en indiquant le numéro de cours suivi du numéro de l'annexe:<br />
::Exemple: '''4BIOS01_Annexe3.doc'''<br />
*Complétez sur le document les points suivants:<br />
:*le numéro de l'annexe<br />
:*le titre de l'image<br />
:*votre prénom<br />
:*la source<br />
:*un commentaire (légende explicative, etc.)<br />
*Ce fichier word, sera ensuite imprimé et rajouter sous forme d'annexe au futur polycopié.<br />
[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 25 septembre 2006 à 23:06 (MEST)<br />
<br />
== Présentations orales ==<br />
*Répartissez-vous le temps de parole entre les différents membres du groupe<br />
*Partagez-vous les différentes parties de la présentation<br />
*Indiquez le titre de votre présentation et son contexte (quel chapitre, ou quelle partie de chapitre, etc.)<br />
*Exposez au préalable le plan de votre présentation: qui va parler de quoi et pourquoi!<br />
*Description des résultats: projetez tout d'abord la page Wiki puis peut-être illustrez vos propos à l'aide d'une figure (en indiquant les sources)<br />
*Exposez l'état de vos recherches: à l'heure actuelle de nos recherches, nous en sommes là... mais la semaine prochaine nous en serons peut-être là... Surtout, ne pas fermer les portes... il est normal que vous ne maitrisiez pas tout le sujet dès le début.<br />
*Pour les présentations finales (qui seront généralement évaluées), prévoyez un support multimédia de type présentation Power Point avec au maximum 10 diapos. Prévoyez une diapositive d'introduction ainsi qu'une pour la conclusion.<br />
*Faites des liens si possible avec les présentations des autres groupes<br />
*Conclusions: la partie la plus intéressante! Elle doit permettre de soulever des questions chez vos auditeurs!<br />
*Réponses aux questions: écoutez bien les questions... et réfléchissez quelques secondes avant de répondre. Soyez le plus clair possible dans votre réponse. Au besoin, répétez vos propos.<br />
<br />
== Evaluation ==<br />
<br />
L'évaluation portera sur différents aspects:<br />
<br />
*Participation à la création des pages<br />
*Connaissances acquises = tests de connaissances<br />
*Aptitudes à transposer vos connaissances dans un situation particulière = tests d'aptitudes<br />
<br />
*Présentations orales en classe:<br />
**Plan de la présentation<br />
**Clarté, concision, précision<br />
**Vulgarisation<br />
**Résultats<br />
**Questions soulevées (débat)<br />
<br />
==Rapports de laboratoire==<br />
<br />
Quelques conseils pour l'écriture de vos rapports de biologie...<br />
Suivez le plan suivant en indiquant les différentes rubriques<br />
<br />
*'''Titre:'''<br />
**Donner un titre général au laboratoire<br />
<br />
*'''Introduction:'''<br />
**Décrire le but de l'expérience ou de l'observation.<br />
::*expérimentation: décrire le problème posé et résumer les travaux ou les connaissances précédents.<br />
::*observations: décrire l'objet qui va être observé et ajouter quelques notes (provenance, mode de vie, etc…)<br />
<br />
*'''Matériel et Méthodes:'''<br />
**Technique utilisée<br />
**Matériel nécessaire ou à disposition: liste précise des équipements, origine, lieu d'observation, date, météo, etc…<br />
**Dessins et plans si nécessaire.<br />
<br />
*'''Résultats:'''<br />
**Penser à introduire vos résultats et à les exposer.<br />
**Sous forme de tableaux, graphiques, dessins, avec légende ou texte explicatif.<br />
**Vos résultats doivent être statistiquement valables… donc comparez-les à ceux de vos camarades de classe ou répéter l'expérience suffisamment de fois!<br />
**Ne rien discuter ni commenter dans cette rubrique. Il s'agit ici uniquement de présenter les résultats.<br />
<br />
*'''Discussion:'''<br />
**Relier les résultats obtenus au but initial de l'expérience ou de l'observation.<br />
**Interpréter les résultats en les reliant aux connaissances actuelles.<br />
**Définir et proposer un éventuel modèle qui pourrait expliquer les résultats obtenus.<br />
<br />
*'''Conclusion:'''<br />
**Proposer d'autres expériences à faire afin de poursuivre l'étude de manière plus complète.<br />
**Placer le travail dans un contexte plus large, discuter des conséquences, des implications, etc…<br />
**La Conclusion peut être liée directement avec la partie Discussion sous forme de Discussion/Conclusion.<br />
<br />
*'''Remarques:'''<br />
**rendre un rapport propre, clair<br />
**soigner la présentation: rapport dactylographié, entête comprenant: nom prénom, groupe, date<br />
**résultats explicitement présentés<br />
**textes des légendes écrits droits et reliés au dessin par un trait tiré à la règle<br />
**dessins clairs et précis, suffisamment grands, en utilisant un bon crayon<br />
<br />
<br>[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 19 septembre 2008 à 21:59 (MEST)<br />
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== Signatures ==<br />
*Datez et signez vos contributions à l'aide de: <nowiki>~~~~ (4 tildes)</nowiki> que vous placerez après "lu et approuvé:"<br />
*Ecrivez <nowiki><br></nowiki> en fin de ligne pour faire un saut de ligne simple<br />
<br />
====4BIOS02 BRAWAND====<br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:AlexandraM|AlexandraM]] 19 septembre 2008 à 22:27 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ZelalAS|ZelalAS]] 20 septembre 2008 à 10:12 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MenushaR|MenushaR]] 20 septembre 2008 à 12:01 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SimonS|SimonS]] 20 septembre 2008 à 17:59 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MathiasF|MathiasF]] 21 septembre 2008 à 13:37 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MelanieN|MelanieN]] 21 septembre 2008 à 18:52 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:KevinB|KevinB]] 22 septembre 2008 à 17:21 (MEST)<br> <br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ThierryF|ThierryF]] 22 septembre 2008 à 22:06 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:FahimaM|FahimaM]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:06 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:AnisMS|AnisMS]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:08 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MagaliS|MagaliS]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:10 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:LorenzoC|LorenzoC]] 23 septembre 2008 à 10:15 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:CindyB|CindyB]] 25 septembre 2008 à 18:08 (MEST)<br />
lu et approuvé: <br><br />
lu et approuvé: <br><br />
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====4BIOS03 ZIMMERLI====<br />
lu et approuvé:<br />
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====3BIOS02 BRAWAND====<br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ChristelleB|ChristelleB]] 21 septembre 2008 à 21:20 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:IsabelleS|IsabelleS]] 21 septembre 2008 à 21:53 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ChloeB|ChloeB]] 23 septembre 2008 à 19:53 (MEST) ChloéB <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:MariaS|MariaS]] 21 septembre 2008 à 23:03 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:LéoK|LéoK]] 22 septembre 2008 à 08:07 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:JacquesD|JacquesD]] 22 septembre 2008 à 22:19 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:RaniaER|RaniaER]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:49 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:FabrizioP|FabrizioP]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:50 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:KaltrinaI|KaltrinaI]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:51 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:WanziB|WanziB]] 23 septembre 2008 à 11:52 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:GiacomoH|GiacomoH]] 23 septembre 2008 à 12:05 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:CedricP|CedricP]] 23 septembre 2008 à 12:06 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:CédricC|CédricC]] 24 septembre 2008 à 20:33 (MEST)<br><br />
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<br />
====3BIbDF03 BRAWAND====<br />
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 11 décembre 2008 à 11:01 (MET)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:MatiasC|MatiasC]] 11 décembre 2008 à 22:18 (MET) <br><br />
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====3BIbDF04 BRAWAND====<br />
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:Pierre.brawand|Pierre.brawand]] 11 décembre 2008 à 09:11 (MET)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:DaraA|DaraA]] 11 décembre 2008 à 22:15 (MET)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: --[[Utilisateur:NorinaP|NorinaP]] 11 décembre 2008 à 22:25 (MET)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: <br><br />
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====2BIOS01 BRAWAND====<br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:NathanF|NathanF]] 7 octobre 2008 à 18:46 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SophieM|SophieM]] 7 octobre 2008 à 19:09 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:BarbaraM|BarbaraM]] 7 octobre 2008 à 22:26 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:KevinS|KevinS]] 8 octobre 2008 à 13:50 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:ChristopheS|ChristopheS]] 8 octobre 2008 à 14:38 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SophieLCDP|SophieLCDP]] 8 octobre 2008 à 17:56 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:EstelleP|EstelleP]] 8 octobre 2008 à 20:14 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:FenoAT|FenoAT]] 8 octobre 2008 à 20:16 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:DavidD|DavidD]] 8 octobre 2008 à 20:59 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SelimS|SelimS]] 8 octobre 2008 à 22:42 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:OmarN|OmarN]] 8 octobre 2008 à 22:50 (MEST) <br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:NatasaM|NatasaM]] 9 octobre 2008 à 07:29 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:EvelineL|EvelineL]] 9 octobre 2008 à 18:53 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: [[Utilisateur:SamyS|SamyS]] 12 octobre 2008 à 15:45 (MEST)<br><br />
lu et approuvé: <br><br />
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retour à [[Accueil]]</div>NorinaP