Learning theory

Definition

Learning theories make general statements about how people learn (at least for a given class of learning types. Therefore learning theories are mostly descriptive.

As an example, situated learning claims that learning is strongly tied to the context and the activity in which it occurs. In order to learn a concept in a useful way it must be learned in the culture in which is has been developed and is used. Activity and perception are prior to conceptualization. The teaching and learning situation is characterized as cognitive apprenticeship. From that follows that the acitvity of learning must take place in an authentic situation.

Learning theories also can be prescriptive (tell how people should learn), but prescription is rather the role of pedagogical theory.

In any case, learning theories play explicitly or implicitly a major role in instructional design models and the field educational technology. Conversely, we may argue that no instructional model and no technology is "innocent". They all view learning in certain way, or from a very practical point of vieuw, put constraints on what kinds of learning they support.

Major schools of thought

In the literature related to education (in particular in educational technology, it is not always easy to separate learning theory from educational theory.

Most introductory texts distinguish between three large families of thought.

1. Behaviorism is interested in looking at behavior and observable changes. Therefore behaviorism in instruction focusses on generating new behavior patterns.

1. Cognitivism is interested in looking at the thought processes behind the behavior. Therefore cognitivist learning theory stresses acquisition of (including reorganization) of cognitive structures.
2. Constructivism claims that knowledge is constructed through the interplay of existing knowledge and individual (or social) experience. There are several variants, e.g.
   • Constructionism
   • Constructivism
   • Situated cognition

The difference between behaviorist views and cognitivist views is that cognitivism makes explicit assumptions on how we store and manipulate informations and that education should be concerned by analyzing and influencing thought processes. The difference beween cognitivism and constructivism is that cognitivists like behaviorists are "objectivists", knowledge and tasks to be learned can be identified and performance can be measured. Constructivists, on the other hand believe that both learning and teaching is a more open-ended process.

History

(very shortly for the moment)

Gerry Stahl (2003: 6) provideded a graphical representation of how philosophical influences led various theories of leaning, in particular social versus individual theories. On the right hand side of the picture is a list of learning theories.

Note: 19:26, 15 May 2006 (MEST) would not qualify activity theory as a learning theory, but rather as a framework to analyse social behavior.

Learning theory

DSchneider argues that the kind levels of learning or [[learning type | leades to different views of what learning is.

Links

• Learning Theories
• Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database, probably the best hypertext available
• Marcel Crahay, Psychologie du développement et apprentissage en situation scolaire (71211) Support du cours
• Blaise Balmer, Histoire illustrée des théories de l'apprentissage
• Depover Christian, Bruno De Lièvre, Jean-Jacques Quintin, Filippo Porco et Cédric Floquet. Les modèles d'enseignement et d'apprentissage
• Peter J. Patsula, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul. (1999). Applying Learning Theories to Online Instructional Design

References

• Stahl, G. (2003) Building Collaborative Knowing: Elements Of A Social Theory Of CSCL, In J.W. Strijbos, P.Kirschner & R. Martins (ed.), What we know about CSCL in higher education, Amsterdam: Kluwer.